{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401943648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355","title":"Proof of Finalization: A Self-Fulfilling Function of Blockchain","display_name":"Proof of Finalization: A Self-Fulfilling Function of Blockchain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401943648","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005010826","display_name":"A. H. Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3685-9536"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Aixian Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002630250","display_name":"Qian Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-1321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121678","display_name":"Block Engineering (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ehf4193","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121678"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blockhouse Technology Ltd., Oxford, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blockhouse Technology Ltd., Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121678"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101792483","display_name":"Yingjun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6567-7838"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100298514","display_name":"Hong Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066456385","display_name":"Bangdao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3225-4286"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangdao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford-Hainan Blockchain Research Institute, SSC Holding Company Ltd., Laocheng, Chengmai, Hainan, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005010826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8118,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78481612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"8052","last_page":"8065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9035856127738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7037250399589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5161991715431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4640466570854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3311535716056824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9035856127738953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7037250399589539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5161991715431213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4640466570854187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3311535716056824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3451355","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5342854217","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62163011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6113165156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2700600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1498063506","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W2164736940","https://openalex.org/W2513903144","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2765321722","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2797481382","https://openalex.org/W2949515390","https://openalex.org/W2949915933","https://openalex.org/W2952570284","https://openalex.org/W2955344300","https://openalex.org/W2959308782","https://openalex.org/W2970352341","https://openalex.org/W2984747683","https://openalex.org/W2986858900","https://openalex.org/W2998117198","https://openalex.org/W3029999400","https://openalex.org/W3083960039","https://openalex.org/W3094114357","https://openalex.org/W3096248554","https://openalex.org/W3110843115","https://openalex.org/W3121103897","https://openalex.org/W3121321379","https://openalex.org/W3131435556","https://openalex.org/W3153702261","https://openalex.org/W3193771755","https://openalex.org/W3204768946","https://openalex.org/W3213512407","https://openalex.org/W4289533977","https://openalex.org/W4295693892","https://openalex.org/W4306311943","https://openalex.org/W4311165922","https://openalex.org/W4313826623","https://openalex.org/W4317418874","https://openalex.org/W4317935163","https://openalex.org/W4327810520","https://openalex.org/W6761131216","https://openalex.org/W6763873945","https://openalex.org/W6763986627","https://openalex.org/W6776731663","https://openalex.org/W6784230427","https://openalex.org/W6788725307","https://openalex.org/W6842615131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4],"in":[5,278],"various":[6,306],"industries":[7],"for":[8,142,222,255,291],"providing":[9],"trustworthy":[10,253],"data.":[11],"On-chain":[12],"data":[13,29,45,109,123,202,230,270],"can":[14],"be":[15,33,105],"regarded":[16],"as":[17,110],"trusted":[18,130,134],"after":[19,27],"it":[20],"is":[21,30,98,260,271,281],"finalized":[22],"by":[23,101,118,177],"blockchain":[24,49,64,69,108,162,227,249,269],"consensus,":[25,195],"namely":[26],"the":[28,68,93,113,148,153,160,166,174,209,224,244,273,289],"believed":[31],"to":[32,44,82,132,146,193,228,250,302],"immutable.":[34],"Unfortunately,":[35],"nodes":[36],"with":[37,265,305],"poor/isolated":[38],"network":[39,65,94],"conditions":[40],"are":[41,182],"still":[42],"susceptible":[43],"spoofing":[46,203,231],"attacks":[47,232],"of":[48,53,96,115,150,208,218,226,233,248,275],"view,":[50,80],"spawning":[51],"kinds":[52],"severe":[54],"attacks.":[55],"For":[56],"example,":[57],"a":[58,63,72,78,83,88,129,143,216,238,252],"light":[59,295],"node":[60,75,163],"newly":[61],"joining":[62],"may":[66,104],"request":[67],"view":[70],"from":[71],"malicious":[73],"full":[74],"and":[76,185,264,299],"accept":[77],"spoof":[79],"leading":[81],"double":[84],"spending":[85],"attack.":[86],"Besides,":[87],"Trusted":[89],"Execution":[90],"Environment":[91],"(TEE),":[92],"stack":[95],"which":[97,242],"fully":[99],"controlled":[100],"its":[102],"host,":[103],"fed":[106],"spoofed":[107],"input,":[111],"undermining":[112],"trustworthiness":[114],"TEE-based":[116],"computation":[117],"cheating":[119],"inputs.":[120],"To":[121],"resist":[122],"spoofing,":[124],"existing":[125],"methods":[126,171],"rely":[127],"on":[128],"authority":[131],"identify":[133],"data,":[135],"or":[136,181],"timely":[137],"provide":[138],"sufficient":[139],"confirmation":[140,167],"blocks":[141,168],"block":[144],"b":[145,151],"prove":[147],"finalization":[149,225],"(since":[152],"adversary":[154],"holding":[155],"less":[156],"hash":[157],"power":[158],"than":[159],"honest":[161],"cannot":[164],"generate":[165],"timely).":[169],"These":[170],"either":[172],"suffer":[173],"risks":[175],"caused":[176],"centralized":[178],"trust":[179],"base":[180],"only":[183,282],"PoW-oriented":[184],"high-latency.":[186],"As":[187],"promising":[188],"blockchains":[189,304],"including":[190],"Ethereum":[191],"migrate":[192],"energy-saving":[194],"e.g.,":[196,294],"PoS,":[197],"designing":[198],"consensus-agnostic":[199],"approaches":[200],"against":[201],"becomes":[204],"an":[205],"urgent":[206],"need":[207],"industries.":[210],"In":[211],"this":[212],"paper,":[213],"we":[214],"introduce":[215],"Proof":[217],"Finalization":[219],"(PoF)":[220],"problem":[221],"proving":[223],"prevent":[229],"blockchain.":[234],"We":[235],"also":[236],"contrive":[237],"novel":[239],"PoF":[240],"scheme,":[241],"leverages":[243],"chain":[245],"quality":[246],"property":[247],"establish":[251],"committee":[254],"proof":[256,276],"generation.":[257],"The":[258],"scheme":[259,280,287],"chain-agnostic,":[261],"non-interactive,":[262],"non-authority-involved,":[263],"negligible":[266],"latency.":[267],"Once":[268],"finalized,":[272],"latency":[274],"generation":[277],"our":[279,286],"106":[283],"milliseconds.":[284],"Therefore,":[285],"paves":[288],"way":[290],"any":[292],"system,":[293],"nodes,":[296],"cross-chain":[297],"bridges,":[298],"layer-2":[300],"systems,":[301],"read":[303],"consensus":[307],"securely.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
