{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399412051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083","title":"Nebula: Self-Attention for Dynamic Malware Analysis","display_name":"Nebula: Self-Attention for Dynamic Malware Analysis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399412051","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/402523/3/nebula.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066475271","display_name":"Dmitrijs Trizna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-5341"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitrijs Trizna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Corporation, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3290-5341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Corporation, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069663380","display_name":"Luca Demetrio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-1476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Demetrio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-1476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008367647","display_name":"Battista Biggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7752-509X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","display_name":"University of Cagliari","ror":"https://ror.org/003109y17","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Battista Biggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7752-509X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065359946","display_name":"Fabio Roli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4103-9190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Roli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4103-9190","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics, and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0351,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98503485,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"6155","last_page":"6167"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.958899974822998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.76595139503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6595970392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware-analysis","display_name":"Malware analysis","score":0.427667498588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2906235158443451}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76595139503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6595970392227173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779395397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15731404","display_name":"Malware analysis","level":3,"score":0.427667498588562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2906235158443451}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3409083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/402523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11584/402523","pdf_url":"https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/402523/3/nebula.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1180735","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1180735","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1756109","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11573/1756109","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/402523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11584/402523","pdf_url":"https://iris.unica.it/bitstream/11584/402523/3/nebula.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3562914802","display_name":"European Lighthouse on Secure and Safe AI","funder_award_id":"101070617","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8282150278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"F73C22001320007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315324","funder_display_name":"Fondazione di Sardegna"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315324","display_name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","ror":"https://ror.org/02sryfh37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322510","display_name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399412051.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46679369","https://openalex.org/W191656338","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2083183119","https://openalex.org/W2105482032","https://openalex.org/W2776884785","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2901285969","https://openalex.org/W2950784811","https://openalex.org/W2962784628","https://openalex.org/W2963250244","https://openalex.org/W2990954041","https://openalex.org/W2998010923","https://openalex.org/W3001279689","https://openalex.org/W3015650867","https://openalex.org/W3116022650","https://openalex.org/W3174361912","https://openalex.org/W3183032573","https://openalex.org/W4212847133","https://openalex.org/W4281388232","https://openalex.org/W4283366652","https://openalex.org/W4287179856","https://openalex.org/W4288070321","https://openalex.org/W4288072399","https://openalex.org/W4297677416","https://openalex.org/W4302282827","https://openalex.org/W4307964249","https://openalex.org/W4312469210","https://openalex.org/W4313203541","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6601894380","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6734770194","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6798411638","https://openalex.org/W6843551931","https://openalex.org/W6862108342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2469507153","https://openalex.org/W2008790809","https://openalex.org/W2768892939","https://openalex.org/W3164408430","https://openalex.org/W4285507391","https://openalex.org/W2397240470","https://openalex.org/W2602767565","https://openalex.org/W170652726","https://openalex.org/W2883822334","https://openalex.org/W2134874482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"analysis":[1],"enables":[2],"detecting":[3],"Windows":[4],"malware":[5,145,221],"by":[6,89],"executing":[7],"programs":[8],"in":[9],"a":[10,65,108,173],"controlled":[11],"environment":[12],"and":[13,27,55,77,97,130,147,197,230],"logging":[14],"their":[15,114],"actions.":[16],"Previous":[17],"work":[18],"has":[19],"proposed":[20],"training":[21,195],"machine":[22],"learning":[23,183],"models,":[24],"i.e.,":[25],"convolutional":[26],"long":[28],"short-term":[29],"memory":[30],"networks,":[31],"on":[32,116,143,161,213],"homogeneous":[33],"input":[34],"features":[35],"like":[36,53],"runtime":[37],"APIs":[38],"to":[39,93,100,112,217],"either":[40],"detect":[41],"or":[42],"classify":[43],"malware,":[44],"neglecting":[45],"other":[46],"relevant":[47],"information":[48,81],"coming":[49],"from":[50,82,154],"heterogeneous":[51],"data":[52,99],"network":[54],"file":[56],"operations.":[57],"To":[58,223],"overcome":[59],"these":[60],"issues,":[61],"we":[62,179,198,226],"introduce":[63],"Nebula,":[64],"versatile,":[66],"self-attention":[67],"Transformer-based":[68],"neural":[69],"architecture":[70],"that":[71],"generalizes":[72],"across":[73],"different":[74,155],"behavioral":[75],"representations":[76],"formats,":[78],"combining":[79],"diverse":[80],"dynamic":[83,156],"log":[84],"reports.":[85],"Nebula":[86,163,203],"is":[87,211],"composed":[88],"several":[90],"components":[91,125],"needed":[92],"tokenize,":[94],"filter,":[95],"normalize":[96],"encode":[98],"feed":[101],"the":[102,117,120,186,200],"transformer":[103],"architecture.":[104],"We":[105,139],"firstly":[106],"perform":[107,140],"comprehensive":[109],"ablation":[110],"study":[111],"evaluate":[113],"impact":[115],"performance":[118,187],"of":[119,175,188,194,202,220],"whole":[121],"system,":[122],"highlighting":[123],"which":[124,131],"can":[126],"be":[127,133],"used":[128],"as-is,":[129],"must":[132],"enriched":[134],"with":[135,172,191],"specific":[136,214],"domain":[137],"knowledge.":[138],"extensive":[141],"experiments":[142],"both":[144],"detection":[146],"classification":[148],"tasks,":[149],"using":[150],"three":[151],"datasets":[152],"acquired":[153],"analyses":[157],"platforms,":[158],"show":[159],"that,":[160],"average,":[162],"outperforms":[164],"state-of-the-art":[165],"models":[166,190,231],"at":[167,232],"low":[168],"false":[169],"positive":[170],"rates,":[171],"peak":[174],"12%":[176],"improvement.":[177],"Moreover,":[178],"showcase":[180],"how":[181,209],"self-supervised":[182],"pre-training":[184],"matches":[185],"fully-supervised":[189],"only":[192],"20%":[193],"data,":[196],"inspect":[199],"output":[201],"through":[204],"explainable":[205],"AI":[206],"techniques,":[207],"pinpointing":[208],"attention":[210],"focusing":[212],"tokens":[215],"correlated":[216],"malicious":[218],"activities":[219],"families.":[222],"foster":[224],"reproducibility,":[225],"open-source":[227],"our":[228],"findings":[229],"<uri":[233],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[234],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/dtrizna/nebula</uri>.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}