{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393140554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","title":"On Mixing Authenticated and Non-Authenticated Signals Against GNSS Spoofing","display_name":"On Mixing Authenticated and Non-Authenticated Signals Against GNSS Spoofing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393140554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/10478578.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/10478578.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074436801","display_name":"Francesco Ardizzon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6066-7550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Ardizzon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6066-7550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024637786","display_name":"Laura Crosara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-2074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Crosara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-2074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076790432","display_name":"Stefano Tomasin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Tomasin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-6793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052660139","display_name":"Nicola Laurenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-1929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Laurenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7592-1929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, Universit&#x00E0;degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97613732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"4480","last_page":"4493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9541000127792358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7860029935836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6013485193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.5083197951316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","score":0.4195171892642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3094148635864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.24113580584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14612162113189697}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7860029935836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6013485193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.5083197951316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4195171892642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3094148635864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.24113580584526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14612162113189697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/10478578.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3511281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3511281","pdf_url":"https://www.research.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/3511281/2/On_Mixing_Authenticated_and_Non-Authenticated_Signals_Against_GNSS_Spoofing.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3381473","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/10478578.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393140554.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393140554.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182452766","https://openalex.org/W1607626080","https://openalex.org/W2005801175","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2058160370","https://openalex.org/W2169409458","https://openalex.org/W2514663557","https://openalex.org/W2535718705","https://openalex.org/W2579383323","https://openalex.org/W2625043143","https://openalex.org/W2774684256","https://openalex.org/W2807457785","https://openalex.org/W2946750750","https://openalex.org/W2980150883","https://openalex.org/W3047326020","https://openalex.org/W3083997822","https://openalex.org/W3093454165","https://openalex.org/W3164438975","https://openalex.org/W3173677034","https://openalex.org/W3188301062","https://openalex.org/W3196691016","https://openalex.org/W4283269354","https://openalex.org/W4292978864","https://openalex.org/W4307105597","https://openalex.org/W4319777661","https://openalex.org/W4379875038","https://openalex.org/W6637210400","https://openalex.org/W6684743164","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6756700957"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419","https://openalex.org/W4379876618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anti-spoofing":[0],"techniques":[1,54],"for":[2],"current":[3],"global":[4],"navigation":[5],"satellite":[6],"systems":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"authenticate":[9],"signals":[10,37,64,130,167],"on":[11,148],"a":[12,17,44,86,90,98],"single":[13,18],"band":[14],"and":[15,30,41,50,62,124,165],"from":[16,38],"system.":[19],"However,":[20],"nowadays":[21],"commercial":[22],"GNSS":[23,159],"receivers":[24],"commonly":[25],"calculate":[26],"the":[27,76,95,106,111,115,120,125,137,142,155],"position,":[28],"velocity,":[29],"time":[31],"(PVT)":[32],"solution":[33,117],"by":[34,136],"simultaneously":[35],"utilizing":[36],"multiple":[39],"constellations":[40],"bands,":[42],"with":[43,135],"substantial":[45],"enhancement":[46],"in":[47,113],"both":[48,119,163],"accuracy":[49],"availability.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"anti-spoofing":[53],"have":[55],"recently":[56],"been":[57],"proposed":[58],"that":[59,93,131],"mix":[60],"authenticated":[61,164],"non-authenticated":[63,129,166],"to":[65,97,118],"increase":[66],"performance":[67,140],"without":[68],"sacrificing":[69],"security.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,153],"formalize":[75],"models":[77],"of":[78,108,110,127,141,157],"such":[79],"signal":[80,92],"mixture-based":[81],"authentication":[82,160],"checks.":[83],"We":[84,103],"propose":[85],"spoofing":[87],"attack":[88,144],"generating":[89],"fake":[91],"leads":[94],"victim":[96],"target":[99],"PVT":[100],"solution,":[101],"undetected.":[102],"analytically":[104],"relate":[105],"degrees":[107],"freedom":[109],"attacker":[112],"manipulating":[114],"victim\u2019s":[116],"employed":[121],"security":[122],"checks":[123,161],"number":[126],"open":[128],"can":[132],"be":[133],"tampered":[134],"attacker.":[138],"The":[139],"considered":[143],"strategies":[145],"are":[146,168],"tested":[147],"an":[149],"experimental":[150],"dataset.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"assess":[154],"limits":[156],"PVT-based":[158],"where":[162],"used.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2024-03-26T00:00:00"}
