{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392405842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801","title":"Fully Symmetrical Obfuscated Interconnection and Weak-PUF-Assisted Challenge Obfuscation Strong PUFs Against Machine-Learning Modeling Attacks","display_name":"Fully Symmetrical Obfuscated Interconnection and Weak-PUF-Assisted Challenge Obfuscation Strong PUFs Against Machine-Learning Modeling Attacks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392405842","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001278169","display_name":"Chongyao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7210-2661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chongyao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7210-2661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101674465","display_name":"Litao Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Litao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058845450","display_name":"Pui\u2010In Mak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pui-In Mak","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943352","display_name":"Rui P. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui P. Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029369208","display_name":"Man\u2010Kay Law","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-1129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN","MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man-Kay Law","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-1129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology (FST-ECE), University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001278169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8588,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99352831,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"3927","last_page":"3942"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.9150109887123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8414360284805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.539499044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3495069444179535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34318631887435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3327651023864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27182137966156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.17314043641090393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.9150109887123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8414360284805298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.539499044418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3495069444179535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34318631887435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3327651023864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27182137966156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.17314043641090393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3372801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3145741597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0101/2023/RIA2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5401046123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CPG2023-00005-IME","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8277908106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKL-AMSV(UM)-2023-2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","funder_display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323893","display_name":"Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ci\u00eancias e da Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/05vna4324"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W338742241","https://openalex.org/W634743053","https://openalex.org/W1983183408","https://openalex.org/W2014299685","https://openalex.org/W2016244202","https://openalex.org/W2044389004","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2289245055","https://openalex.org/W2294709132","https://openalex.org/W2562003427","https://openalex.org/W2749093550","https://openalex.org/W2752832485","https://openalex.org/W2891953071","https://openalex.org/W2909319943","https://openalex.org/W2953954518","https://openalex.org/W2966916323","https://openalex.org/W3002189921","https://openalex.org/W3004342159","https://openalex.org/W3016071202","https://openalex.org/W3048728216","https://openalex.org/W3147945423","https://openalex.org/W4200356522","https://openalex.org/W4230927117","https://openalex.org/W4233101919","https://openalex.org/W4255917804","https://openalex.org/W4285303121","https://openalex.org/W4361987546","https://openalex.org/W4366147501","https://openalex.org/W4393810698","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6704866054","https://openalex.org/W6802913063","https://openalex.org/W6863223055","https://openalex.org/W6931288921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347","https://openalex.org/W4210805261"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"propose":[4,95],"a":[5,49,134,158,199],"fully":[6],"symmetrical":[7],"obfuscated-interconnection":[8],"PUF":[9,45,69,92,99,119,143,187,190],"(SOI":[10],"PUF),":[11,101],"which":[12,102],"contains":[13],"<italic":[14,24,42,136,163,214],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[15,25,43,137,164,215],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n</i>":[16],"delay":[17,38],"stages":[18,39],"with":[19,58,179],"each":[20],"stage":[21],"having":[22],"4":[23],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>":[26,44,138,165,216],"obfuscated":[27],"interconnections":[28,57,110],"for":[29,82,162,225,233],"resisting":[30,83],"machine":[31],"learning":[32],"(ML)-based":[33],"modeling":[34,85,240,249],"attacks.":[35,86,115],"All":[36],"the":[37,53,59,75,96,141,145,150,184,211,218],"contribute":[40],"to":[41,223,231],"primitives":[46],"while":[47],"achieving":[48],"20\u00d7":[50],"increase":[51],"in":[52,140],"number":[54,77],"of":[55,78,204,213],"possible":[56],"same":[60],"hardware":[61],"resources":[62],"over":[63],"similar":[64],"prior":[65],"arts.":[66],"The":[67,116,236],"SOI":[68,98,118,152,226],"mathematical":[70],"model":[71],"also":[72,252],"theoretically":[73],"demonstrates":[74],"large":[76,135],"nonlinear":[79],"matrix":[80],"multiplications":[81],"ML-based":[84],"We":[87],"further":[88,229],"exploit":[89],"parallel":[90],"weak":[91],"cells":[93],"and":[94,120,129,153,188,202,206,228,247],"challenge-obfuscated":[97],"(cSOI":[100],"can":[103,156,196],"effectively":[104],"prevent":[105],"adversaries":[106],"from":[107,221],"bypassing":[108],"unknown":[109],"through":[111],"reverse":[112],"engineering":[113],"(RE)":[114],"proposed":[117,151,185],"cSOI":[121,154,234],"PUFs":[122,155],"are":[123],"evaluated":[124],"by":[125],"both":[126,197],"software":[127],"simulation":[128,146],"FPGA":[130,195],"measurements.":[131],"Without":[132],"requiring":[133],"as":[139],"existing":[142],"architectures,":[144],"results":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"that":[149],"achieve":[157,198],"~50%":[159,232],"prediction":[160],"accuracy":[161],"\u2265":[166],"3,":[167],"even":[168],"when":[169],"facing":[170],"ML":[171],"attacks":[172,246,250],"using":[173,192],"5-hidden-layer":[174],"Artificial":[175],"Neural":[176],"Network":[177],"(ANN)":[178],"40M":[180],"training":[181],"CRPs.":[182],"Furthermore,":[183],"(64,2/4/6/8)-SOI":[186],"(64,2/4/6/8)-cSOI":[189],"implemented":[191],"Xilinx":[193],"Artix-7":[194],"measured":[200],"reliability":[201],"uniformity":[203],">94%":[205],"~50%,":[207],"respectively.":[208],"Depending":[209],"on":[210],"value":[212],",":[217],"uniqueness":[219],"ranges":[220],"29.1%":[222],"42.7%":[224],"PUFs,":[227],"improves":[230],"PUFs.":[235],"resilience":[237],"against":[238],"Reliability-based":[239],"attacks,":[241],"Probably":[242],"Approximately":[243],"Correct":[244],"(PAC)":[245],"Reverse-Engineering-based":[248],"will":[251],"be":[253],"discussed.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}