{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392251599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369","title":"Yet Another Improvement of Plantard Arithmetic for Faster Kyber on Low-End 32-bit IoT Devices","display_name":"Yet Another Improvement of Plantard Arithmetic for Faster Kyber on Low-End 32-bit IoT Devices","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392251599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014532805","display_name":"Junhao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junhao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063048955","display_name":"Haosong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4735-4015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haosong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100622778","display_name":"Jipeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0679-7212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jipeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075504049","display_name":"Wangchen Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-1649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wangchen Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100594010","display_name":"Lu Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077847474","display_name":"Ray C. C. Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6764-0729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray C. C. Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018100877","display_name":"\u00c7etin Kaya Ko\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-9565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c7etin Kaya Ko\u00e7","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","University of California Santa Barbara (USA), USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Santa Barbara (USA), USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037211332","display_name":"Donglong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-7442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donglong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Research and Application for Data Science, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014532805"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008","https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.2144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99008016,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"3800","last_page":"3813"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8018661737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.6870659589767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-to-end-principle","display_name":"End-to-end principle","score":0.6009602546691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.572012722492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18818846344947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10730713605880737}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8018661737442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.6870659589767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.6009602546691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.572012722492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18818846344947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10730713605880737}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3371369","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1546930127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20176","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154702244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2121792758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3156605515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372417","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210377478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4841166925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4995204540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB2702000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6843102401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7668319085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1607264302","https://openalex.org/W1985439922","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2185101306","https://openalex.org/W2791664942","https://openalex.org/W2866028610","https://openalex.org/W2946582523","https://openalex.org/W2953568773","https://openalex.org/W2972432313","https://openalex.org/W2987483625","https://openalex.org/W3089944233","https://openalex.org/W3095245686","https://openalex.org/W3159034445","https://openalex.org/W3173669294","https://openalex.org/W4205134533","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4240339612","https://openalex.org/W4246927843","https://openalex.org/W4285302767","https://openalex.org/W4294326371","https://openalex.org/W4391506160","https://openalex.org/W6724049718","https://openalex.org/W6861514634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2151749779","https://openalex.org/W2411923897","https://openalex.org/W3179968364","https://openalex.org/W4394546135","https://openalex.org/W4285347720","https://openalex.org/W4200259850","https://openalex.org/W2333831899"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"2022,":[1],"the":[2,14,24,30,34,69,73,83,92,96,108,129,143,148,152,170,181,186,207,222,233,244,250,253],"National":[3],"Institute":[4],"of":[5,16,22,43,72,95,151,173,180,185,252],"Standards":[6],"and":[7,60,123,135,147,261],"Technology":[8],"(NIST)":[9],"made":[10],"an":[11],"announcement":[12],"regarding":[13],"standardization":[15],"Post-Quantum":[17],"Cryptography":[18],"(PQC)":[19],"candidates.":[20],"Out":[21],"all":[23],"Key":[25],"Encapsulation":[26],"Mechanism":[27],"(KEM)":[28],"schemes,":[29],"CRYSTAL-Kyber":[31],"emerged":[32],"as":[33],"sole":[35],"winner.":[36],"This":[37],"paper":[38],"presents":[39],"another":[40],"improved":[41],"version":[42],"Plantard":[44,74,84,97,119,130,153,188],"arithmetic":[45,75,85,120,131,137,154,189],"that":[46,91,128,201],"could":[47],"speed":[48,264],"up":[49],"Kyber":[50,209,255,267],"implementations":[51],"on":[52,121,138,155,190,216,227,257,268],"two":[53,114,197],"low-end":[54,139,191,228],"32-bit":[55,140,192],"IoT":[56,229,259],"platforms":[57,260],"(ARM":[58],"Cortex-M3":[59,122],"RISC-V)":[61],"without":[62,76],"SIMD":[63],"extensions.":[64],"Specifically,":[65],"we":[66,89,158,195,248],"further":[67],"enlarge":[68],"input":[70,93,145,183],"range":[71,94,146,184],"modifying":[77],"its":[78,214],"computation":[79],"steps.":[80],"After":[81],"tailoring":[82],"for":[86,117,163,206,266],"Kyber\u2019s":[87],"modulus,":[88],"show":[90,127],"multiplication":[98],"by":[99,177],"a":[100],"constant":[101],"is":[102],"at":[103],"least":[104],"2.14\u00d7":[105],"larger":[106,182],"than":[107],"original":[109],"design":[110],"in":[111,175],"TCHES2022.":[112],"Then,":[113],"optimization":[115,161,199],"techniques":[116],"efficient":[118,149],"RISC-V":[124],"are":[125],"presented.We":[126],"supersedes":[132],"both":[133],"Montgomery":[134],"Barrett":[136],"platforms.":[141,193,270],"With":[142],"enlarged":[144],"implementation":[150,210,224,238,256],"these":[156,269],"platforms,":[157],"propose":[159,196],"various":[160],"strategies":[162,200],"NTT/INTT.":[164],"We":[165],"minimize":[166],"or":[167],"entirely":[168],"eliminate":[169],"modular":[171],"reduction":[172],"coefficients":[174],"NTT/INTT":[176,237],"taking":[178],"advantage":[179],"proposed":[187,219],"Furthermore,":[194],"memory":[198],"reduce":[202],"23.50%~28.31%":[203],"stack":[204],"usage":[205],"speed-version":[208,223,254],"when":[211],"compared":[212,242],"to":[213,232,243],"counterpart":[215],"Cortex-M4.":[217],"The":[218],"optimizations":[220],"make":[221],"more":[225],"feasible":[226],"devices.":[230],"Thanks":[231],"aforementioned":[234],"optimizations,":[235],"our":[236],"shows":[239],"considerable":[240],"speedups":[241],"state-of-the-art":[245],"work.":[246],"Overall,":[247],"demonstrate":[249],"applicability":[251],"memory-constrained":[258],"set":[262],"new":[263],"records":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
