{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391661419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080","title":"PPGloVe: Privacy-Preserving GloVe for Training Word Vectors in the Dark","display_name":"PPGloVe: Privacy-Preserving GloVe for Training Word Vectors in the Dark","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391661419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007080915","display_name":"Zhongyun Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-0541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongyun Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-0541","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Security Intelligence Technologies, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101610595","display_name":"Yan Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0399-7304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086945099","display_name":"Yifeng Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-6051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifeng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-6051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341177","display_name":"Yuhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9185-7133"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiaohongshu Technology Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","Xiaohongshu Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9185-7133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiaohongshu Technology Company Ltd., Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiaohongshu Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085698418","display_name":"Yushu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-8435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8183-8435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79557281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"3644","last_page":"3658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.960099995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8659234046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6823079586029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6401834487915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6010324954986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plaintext","display_name":"Plaintext","score":0.5454037189483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5417590141296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5158173441886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5062243342399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5050452351570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4753955602645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4162033200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.38125914335250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25070226192474365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8659234046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6823079586029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6401834487915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6010324954986572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92717368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1162538","display_name":"Plaintext","level":3,"score":0.5454037189483643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5417590141296387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5158173441886902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5062243342399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5050452351570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4753955602645874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4162033200263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38125914335250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25070226192474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3364080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2335981136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515110027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2906739224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515010714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8244995127","display_name":"\u9ad8\u7ef4\u9c81\u68d2\u6df7\u6c8c\u673a\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5176\u5728\u751f\u6210\u5f0f\u5bf9\u6297\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528","funder_award_id":"62071142","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485800369","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1528076390","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2344686823","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2555185438","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2792587241","https://openalex.org/W2793546227","https://openalex.org/W2795257215","https://openalex.org/W2946005997","https://openalex.org/W2953483183","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963626623","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W2979806863","https://openalex.org/W2984644945","https://openalex.org/W2998640192","https://openalex.org/W3016063723","https://openalex.org/W3032769455","https://openalex.org/W3092115729","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W3097272009","https://openalex.org/W3104454153","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3111157675","https://openalex.org/W3128341947","https://openalex.org/W3161222848","https://openalex.org/W3201683074","https://openalex.org/W3206306675","https://openalex.org/W4205505117","https://openalex.org/W4283325118","https://openalex.org/W4285110266","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W4312346326","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6760122430","https://openalex.org/W6767212563","https://openalex.org/W6776906142","https://openalex.org/W6785814594","https://openalex.org/W6795627268","https://openalex.org/W6995710673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2098392677","https://openalex.org/W2362689357","https://openalex.org/W2365982350","https://openalex.org/W2508016950","https://openalex.org/W2281112860","https://openalex.org/W2048539412"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Words":[0],"are":[1,46,88,138,182],"treated":[2],"as":[3,20],"atomic":[4],"units":[5],"in":[6,160],"natural":[7,69],"language":[8],"processing":[9],"tasks":[10],"and":[11,42,103,130,177],"it":[12,56],"is":[13,27,72],"a":[14,28,39,147],"fundamental":[15],"step":[16],"to":[17,34,48,60,73,78,152,162,208],"represent":[18],"them":[19],"vectors":[21,52,65,114,181,203],"for":[22,58,141],"supporting":[23],"subsequent":[24],"computations.":[25],"GloVe":[26,117,159,165],"widely":[29],"used":[30],"machine":[31,135],"learning":[32,136],"model":[33],"train":[35,49,61],"word":[36,51,64,113,180,202],"vectors.":[37],"Generally,":[38],"large":[40],"corpus":[41],"high":[43],"computation":[44],"resources":[45],"required":[47],"high-quality":[50],"using":[53,116],"GloVe,":[54],"making":[55],"difficult":[57],"users":[59],"their":[62],"own":[63],"by":[66],"themselves.":[67],"A":[68],"choice":[70],"nowadays":[71],"outsource":[74],"the":[75,79,106,127,168,172,175,178,186],"training":[76,86,115,128,150,166,188],"process":[77],"cloud.":[80,169],"However,":[81],"coming":[82],"with":[83,158,204,211],"such":[84],"cloud-based":[85],"services":[87],"serious":[89],"privacy":[90],"concerns,":[91],"which":[92],"should":[93],"be":[94],"well":[95],"addressed.":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98,142],"paper,":[99],"we":[100],"design,":[101,171],"implement,":[102],"evaluate":[104],"PPGloVe,":[105],"first":[107,125],"system":[108],"framework":[109],"that":[110,132,199],"supports":[111],"privacy-preserving":[112,134,164],"over":[118,192],"encrypted":[119],"data":[120],"of":[121,174,195],"multiple":[122],"participants.":[123],"We":[124,144],"decompose":[126],"task":[129],"show":[131],"previous":[133],"techniques":[137,157],"not":[139],"practical":[140],"task.":[143],"then":[145],"construct":[146],"new":[148],"secure":[149],"strategy":[151],"delicately":[153],"bridge":[154],"lightweight":[155],"cryptographic":[156],"depth":[161],"support":[163],"on":[167],"By":[170],"corpora":[173],"participants":[176],"trained":[179],"kept":[183],"private":[184],"along":[185],"whole":[187],"process.":[189],"Extensive":[190],"experiments":[191],"three":[193],"datasets":[194],"different":[196],"scales":[197],"demonstrate":[198],"PPGloVe":[200],"produces":[201],"promising":[205],"quality":[206],"comparable":[207],"plaintext":[209],"training,":[210],"practically":[212],"affordable":[213],"overhead.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
