{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390603996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375","title":"Deep Learning Gradient Visualization-Based Pre-Silicon Side-Channel Leakage Location","display_name":"Deep Learning Gradient Visualization-Based Pre-Silicon Side-Channel Leakage Location","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390603996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771495","display_name":"Yanbin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-9270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanbin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, China","State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-9270","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054041765","display_name":"Jiajie Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1930-7884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462347","display_name":"Zhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-2635"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123185","display_name":"Zhejiang Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/02m2h7991","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8578-2635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070135593","display_name":"Ming Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2218-0164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2218-0164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003734781","display_name":"Shougang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0366-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119454577","display_name":"Nanjing Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/05td3s095","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shougang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119454577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100771495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I4210132990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5401,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84239294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"2340","last_page":"2355"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8138508796691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.7896915674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6446210741996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5981565713882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.5683481693267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.528374195098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5041152238845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.46206364035606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.4224950969219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33962398767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3351631760597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33122724294662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3223487138748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22072866559028625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8138508796691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7896915674209595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6446210741996765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5981565713882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.5683481693267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.528374195098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5041152238845825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.46206364035606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4224950969219208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33962398767471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3351631760597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33122724294662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3223487138748169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22072866559028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2024.3350375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1394481809","display_name":"\u53ef\u8bc1\u660e\u5b89\u5168\u9632\u62a4\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u4fa7\u4fe1\u9053\u6cc4\u9732\u6eaf\u6e90\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62072247","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210377478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7668319085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20220075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35307510","https://openalex.org/W104126654","https://openalex.org/W125899002","https://openalex.org/W1592625985","https://openalex.org/W1995438994","https://openalex.org/W2118442521","https://openalex.org/W2124785100","https://openalex.org/W2161740631","https://openalex.org/W2219812381","https://openalex.org/W2261293451","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2285434744","https://openalex.org/W2495307099","https://openalex.org/W2556867355","https://openalex.org/W2570230384","https://openalex.org/W2612018177","https://openalex.org/W2746796098","https://openalex.org/W2781863968","https://openalex.org/W2795147945","https://openalex.org/W2795180100","https://openalex.org/W2798405286","https://openalex.org/W2810943746","https://openalex.org/W2897152879","https://openalex.org/W2922474087","https://openalex.org/W2954019744","https://openalex.org/W2956231146","https://openalex.org/W2964145717","https://openalex.org/W2974916646","https://openalex.org/W2996022685","https://openalex.org/W3013119239","https://openalex.org/W3021603394","https://openalex.org/W3024567285","https://openalex.org/W3038491906","https://openalex.org/W3046730596","https://openalex.org/W3046863412","https://openalex.org/W3094609571","https://openalex.org/W3100789280","https://openalex.org/W3105493346","https://openalex.org/W3129276718","https://openalex.org/W3135926346","https://openalex.org/W3148004637","https://openalex.org/W3151726845","https://openalex.org/W3182487622","https://openalex.org/W3208976711","https://openalex.org/W4205428673","https://openalex.org/W4212818997","https://openalex.org/W4245524709","https://openalex.org/W4251361495","https://openalex.org/W6605115891","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6775896989","https://openalex.org/W6776276478","https://openalex.org/W6784625284","https://openalex.org/W6791910562"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006344745","https://openalex.org/W182679101","https://openalex.org/W3180573957","https://openalex.org/W3123987581","https://openalex.org/W2358406440","https://openalex.org/W2162805750","https://openalex.org/W2022533428","https://openalex.org/W2580249689","https://openalex.org/W2043669269","https://openalex.org/W2103519941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"side-channel":[1],"attacks":[2,67,96],"(SCAs)":[3],"have":[4,68],"become":[5],"a":[6,30,42,176,184],"significant":[7],"threat":[8,71],"to":[9,38,72,79,119,180,189,208,290],"cryptographic":[10,44],"algorithms,":[11],"masking":[12,74],"is":[13,29,36,53,173,285],"considered":[14],"as":[15,175],"an":[16,121],"effective":[17],"countermeasure":[18],"against":[19,93,240],"SCAs.":[20,243],"On":[21,59],"the":[22,27,47,60,63,73,80,85,90,98,111,115,131,146,152,166,191,196,202,213,219,222,231,237,247,250,269,273,278,282],"one":[23],"hand,":[24,62],"securely":[25],"implementing":[26],"scheme":[28],"challenging":[31],"and":[32,142,260,296],"error-prone":[33],"task.":[34],"It":[35],"essential":[37],"detect":[39],"leakage":[40,51,81,123,137,153,163,210,227,234],"in":[41,212,224,277],"complicated":[43],"circuit.":[45],"However,":[46],"traditional":[48,86,274],"method":[49,155,179,252],"of":[50,113,169,233,249],"detection":[52,82],"always":[54],"inaccuracy":[55],"or":[56],"time":[57,283],"consumption.":[58],"other":[61],"deep":[64,94,116,135,225,241],"learning-based":[65,95,136,226,242],"power":[66],"shown":[69],"their":[70],"without":[75],"combining":[76],"functions.":[77],"Compared":[78],"done":[83],"under":[84],"provable":[87,261],"security":[88,91],"framework,":[89],"evaluation":[92,235],"at":[97,145,165,236],"pre-silicon":[99,147,238],"stage":[100,239],"has":[101],"not":[102],"been":[103],"discussed.":[104],"To":[105],"this":[106,108,127],"end,":[107],"paper":[109],"investigates":[110],"strategies":[112],"leveraging":[114],"learning":[117],"techniques":[118],"achieve":[120],"efficient":[122],"location":[124,138,154,159,164,275],"method.":[125],"In":[126],"paper,":[128],"we":[129,150,217],"present":[130],"first":[132],"approach":[133],"utilizing":[134],"for":[139],"both":[140],"unprotected":[141,254],"protected":[143],"implementations":[144],"stage.":[148],"Firstly,":[149],"propose":[151],"named":[156],"Gradient":[157,171],"Visualization-based":[158],"(GVL),":[160],"which":[161,229],"provides":[162],"different":[167],"levels":[168],"design.":[170],"visualization":[172,204],"known":[174],"sensitivity":[177],"analysis":[178],"understand":[181],"better":[182],"how":[183,201],"natural":[185],"network":[186],"can":[187,205],"learn":[188],"predict":[190],"sensitive":[192],"label":[193],"based":[194],"on":[195,253],"input.":[197],"We":[198,244],"theoretically":[199],"show":[200,267],"gradient":[203],"be":[206],"used":[207],"locate":[209],"components":[211],"netlist":[214],"efficiently.":[215],"Moreover,":[216],"link":[218],"result":[220],"with":[221,292],"metric":[223],"assessment,":[228],"fills":[230],"lack":[232],"further":[245],"confirm":[246],"effectiveness":[248],"proposed":[251,270],"implementation,":[255,259],"low":[256],"entropy":[257],"masked":[258,263,279],"secure":[262],"implementation.":[264],"The":[265],"results":[266],"that":[268],"methodology":[271],"outperforms":[272],"methods":[276],"cases,":[280],"where":[281],"consumption":[284],"reduced":[286],"by":[287],"about":[288],"2x":[289],"10x":[291],"fewer":[293],"false":[294,298],"negatives":[295],"no":[297],"positives.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}