{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390421837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232","title":"AFPM: A Low-Cost and Universal Adversarial Defense for Speaker Recognition Systems","display_name":"AFPM: A Low-Cost and Universal Adversarial Defense for Speaker Recognition Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390421837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025391305","display_name":"Zongkun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-7215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongkun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6771-7215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101499462","display_name":"Yanzhen Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-5082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhen Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0799-5082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Education, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018218023","display_name":"Yihuan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049058927","display_name":"Wuyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-3069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-3069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036109649","display_name":"H.-L. Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-7182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongcheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5339-7182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9033,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7981412,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"2273","last_page":"2287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.973800003528595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7784755229949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6521444916725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6475996971130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5680232048034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5565993785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.512388288974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4824281632900238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4345245659351349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43379127979278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40404534339904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13754421472549438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7784755229949951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6521444916725159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6475996971130371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5680232048034668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5565993785858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.512388288974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4824281632900238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4345245659351349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43379127979278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40404534339904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13754421472549438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3348232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G381375632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020BAB018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","funder_display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5618601050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NO. 2021BAA034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","funder_display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6899305262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021BAA034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","funder_display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7125601163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NO. 2020BAB018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","funder_display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G795624811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NO.62172306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8397513479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172306","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335792","display_name":"Hubei Technological Innovation Special Fund","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W2046056978","https://openalex.org/W2120847449","https://openalex.org/W2154278880","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2529314575","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2797978264","https://openalex.org/W2808631503","https://openalex.org/W2890964092","https://openalex.org/W2906211136","https://openalex.org/W2962747881","https://openalex.org/W2963077926","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964301649","https://openalex.org/W2972908178","https://openalex.org/W2982223350","https://openalex.org/W2984968650","https://openalex.org/W3006808893","https://openalex.org/W3015338123","https://openalex.org/W3015811740","https://openalex.org/W3015958938","https://openalex.org/W3016138785","https://openalex.org/W3017720918","https://openalex.org/W3024869864","https://openalex.org/W3028525609","https://openalex.org/W3034190247","https://openalex.org/W3047561893","https://openalex.org/W3084424094","https://openalex.org/W3091896612","https://openalex.org/W3092991443","https://openalex.org/W3093109544","https://openalex.org/W3095498208","https://openalex.org/W3096171739","https://openalex.org/W3096614974","https://openalex.org/W3109668151","https://openalex.org/W3128911095","https://openalex.org/W3137249133","https://openalex.org/W3138128528","https://openalex.org/W3153453329","https://openalex.org/W3155956353","https://openalex.org/W3156272176","https://openalex.org/W3160636055","https://openalex.org/W3161130823","https://openalex.org/W3162096084","https://openalex.org/W3162258435","https://openalex.org/W3173081491","https://openalex.org/W3204188945","https://openalex.org/W3205902815","https://openalex.org/W3206275452","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W4225297350","https://openalex.org/W4226330442","https://openalex.org/W4281951480","https://openalex.org/W4285340695","https://openalex.org/W4312458120","https://openalex.org/W4384970179","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6748326514","https://openalex.org/W6750404860","https://openalex.org/W6752654261","https://openalex.org/W6759519673","https://openalex.org/W6761839128","https://openalex.org/W6774549192","https://openalex.org/W6774685073","https://openalex.org/W6779630795","https://openalex.org/W6785039685","https://openalex.org/W6790512348","https://openalex.org/W6791552382","https://openalex.org/W6803435029","https://openalex.org/W6852816340"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4288019534","https://openalex.org/W4310988119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speaker":[0],"recognition":[1],"systems":[2,12],"(SRSs)":[3],"are":[4,13],"commonly":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,112],"biometric":[8],"identification.":[9],"However,":[10],"these":[11,41],"vulnerable":[14],"to":[15,36,65,116,130,134,171],"adversarial":[16],"attacks.":[17],"Several":[18],"defenses":[19],"have":[20],"been":[21],"proposed":[22,99,133],"but":[23],"they":[24],"require":[25,167],"high":[26,67],"costs":[27],"in":[28],"terms":[29],"of":[30,72,108,156,187,202,214,236,253],"additional":[31],"data":[32],"and":[33,77,120,139,151,162,209,224,229,238,245,251],"computational":[34],"resources":[35],"ensure":[37],"robustness.":[38],"To":[39],"address":[40],"issues,":[42],"this":[43],"paper":[44],"proposes":[45],"a":[46,60,87],"low-cost":[47,204],"input":[48,205],"reconstruction":[49,206],"defense":[50,89,96,185,207,220,234],"method":[51,208],"called":[52],"adaptive":[53,126,192,226],"F-ratio-based":[54,93],"partial":[55,81],"masking":[56,82],"(AFPM),":[57],"which":[58,84,104,123,196],"utilizes":[59],"robust":[61],"feature":[62],"extraction":[63],"process":[64,155],"guarantee":[66],"defensibility.":[68],"The":[69,153],"underlying":[70],"distribution":[71],"non-robust":[73],"features":[74],"is":[75,98,132,147,194,197,249],"explored":[76],"filtered":[78],"out":[79],"by":[80,100,243],"(PM),":[83],"helps":[85],"maintain":[86],"low":[88],"construction":[90,154],"cost.":[91],"An":[92],"PM":[94],"(FPM)":[95],"strategy":[97],"integrating":[101],"the":[102,106,168,178,183,203,215],"F-ratio,":[103],"reflects":[105],"weight":[107],"each":[109],"frequency":[110],"band":[111],"distinguishing":[113],"between":[114],"speakers,":[115],"balance":[117],"classification":[118,179],"accuracy":[119,180],"defensiveness.":[121],"AFPM,":[122],"introduces":[124],"an":[125],"threshold":[127],"calculation":[128],"algorithm":[129],"FPM,":[131],"achieve":[135],"further":[136],"improved":[137],"defensiveness":[138],"flexibility.":[140],"Comparative":[141],"experimental":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145,201,213],"AFPM":[146,157,188,231,248],"low-cost,":[148],"highly":[149],"defensive":[150],"universal.":[152],"does":[158,165],"not":[159,166],"involve":[160],"training":[161],"its":[163],"implementation":[164],"protected":[169],"SRSs":[170,256],"be":[172],"retrained,":[173],"only":[174],"fine-tuned.":[175],"While":[176],"maintaining":[177],"at":[181],"99.42%,":[182],"average":[184],"capability":[186],"against":[189,257],"five":[190],"white-box":[191],"attacks":[193],"90.89%,":[195],"9.23%":[198],"better":[199,211],"than":[200,212],"3.77%":[210],"high-cost":[216],"Parallel":[217],"WaveGAN":[218],"(PWG)":[219],"approach.":[221],"Against":[222],"grey-":[223],"black-box":[225],"attacks,":[227],"FAKEBOB":[228],"Kenansville,":[230],"reaches":[232],"maximum":[233],"effects":[235],"96.01%":[237],"74.49%,":[239],"respectively,":[240],"surpassing":[241],"PWG":[242],"4.5%":[244],"65.82%.":[246],"Furthermore,":[247],"universal":[250],"capable":[252],"protecting":[254],"various":[255],"different":[258],"attack":[259],"strengths.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
