{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387872678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667","title":"On the Instability of Softmax Attention-Based Deep Learning Models in Side-Channel Analysis","display_name":"On the Instability of Softmax Attention-Based Deep Learning Models in Side-Channel Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387872678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066634415","display_name":"Suvadeep Hajra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-4321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suvadeep Hajra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2151-4321","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053280523","display_name":"Manaar Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manaar Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3338-2944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101432394","display_name":"Sayandeep Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-1102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sayandeep Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCL Crypto Group, ICTEAM/ELEN, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-1102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCL Crypto Group, ICTEAM/ELEN, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024072796","display_name":"Stjepan Picek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-4337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stjepan Picek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Security Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7509-4337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Security Group, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078971402","display_name":"Debdeep Mukhopadhyay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-8346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debdeep Mukhopadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-8346","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92546667,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"514","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9934803247451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7628488540649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6228218674659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.5756763219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47359445691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46274474263191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41948747634887695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9934803247451782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7628488540649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6228218674659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5756763219833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47359445691108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46274474263191223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41948747634887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326667","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/298849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/298849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5188059367","display_name":"PROACT - Physical Attack Resistance of Cryptographic Algorithms and Circuits with Reduced Time to Market","funder_award_id":"NWA.1215.18.014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G669276890","display_name":"Defending against Implementation attackS Through mAchiNe learning Techniques","funder_award_id":"CS.019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320712","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur","ror":"https://ror.org/05pjsgx75"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320719","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","ror":"https://ror.org/0101xrq71"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1595155753","https://openalex.org/W1599906532","https://openalex.org/W1897761346","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2556867355","https://openalex.org/W2602337255","https://openalex.org/W2746796098","https://openalex.org/W2777662428","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2955805282","https://openalex.org/W2990296674","https://openalex.org/W2996022685","https://openalex.org/W3046856047","https://openalex.org/W3178245564","https://openalex.org/W3184241571","https://openalex.org/W3208177954","https://openalex.org/W4212947109","https://openalex.org/W4245524709","https://openalex.org/W4289115712","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6688902765","https://openalex.org/W6726983090","https://openalex.org/W6747381837","https://openalex.org/W6755310813","https://openalex.org/W6765968857","https://openalex.org/W6798658111","https://openalex.org/W7038962406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107204728","https://openalex.org/W4287591324","https://openalex.org/W4226420367","https://openalex.org/W2980176872","https://openalex.org/W2962876041","https://openalex.org/W3090555870","https://openalex.org/W3108503355","https://openalex.org/W2249953602","https://openalex.org/W4323060069","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,43],"side-channel":[1,17],"analysis":[2],"(SCA),":[3],"Points-of-Interest":[4],"(PoIs),":[5],"i.e.,":[6],"the":[7,15,22,28,39,52,55,65,69,80,106,117,125,140,146,172,176,181,186,198,202,218,223],"informative":[8],"sample":[9],"points":[10],"remain":[11],"sparsely":[12,40,56],"scattered":[13],"across":[14],"whole":[16],"trace.":[18],"Several":[19],"works":[20],"in":[21,152,171,217],"SCA":[23],"literature":[24],"have":[25],"demonstrated":[26],"that":[27,79,124,207],"attack":[29,154],"efficacy":[30],"could":[31],"be":[32],"significantly":[33,148,226],"improved":[34],"by":[35,196],"combining":[36,51],"information":[37,53],"from":[38,54],"occurring":[41,57],"PoIs.":[42],"Deep":[44],"Learning":[45],"(DL),":[46],"a":[47,98,128],"common":[48],"approach":[49],"for":[50],"PoIs":[58],"is":[59],"softmax":[60,70,81,113,137,142,210,215],"attention.":[61],"This":[62],"work":[63],"studies":[64],"training":[66,88],"instability":[67],"of":[68,108,127,131,175,201,213],"attention-based":[71,82],"CNN":[72,83,118,219],"models":[73,119,147,160,220],"on":[74,189],"long":[75],"traces.":[76],"We":[77,103],"show":[78,123],"model":[84],"incurs":[85],"an":[86],"unstable":[87],"problem":[89],"when":[90],"applied":[91],"to":[92,115,161,168,179],"longer":[93],"traces":[94,96,178],"(e.g.,":[95],"having":[97],"length":[99],"greater":[100],"than$10K$sample":[101],"points).":[102],"also":[104],"explore":[105],"use":[107,126],"batch":[109,132],"normalization":[110,133],"and":[111,192],"multi-head":[112,136,209],"attention":[114,138,211,216],"make":[116,145,222],"stable.":[120],"Our":[121],"results":[122,166,188],"large":[129],"number":[130,174],"layers":[134],"and/or":[135],"(replacing":[139],"vanilla":[141,214],"attention)":[143],"can":[144,221],"more":[149],"stable,":[150],"resulting":[151],"better":[153,165],"efficacy.":[155],"Moreover,":[156],"we":[157,205],"found":[158],"our":[159],"achieve":[162],"similar":[163],"or":[164],"(up":[167],"85%":[169],"reduction":[170],"minimum":[173],"required":[177],"reach":[180],"guessing":[182],"entropy":[183],"1)":[184],"than":[185],"state-of-the-art":[187],"several":[190],"synchronized":[191],"desynchronized":[193],"datasets.":[194],"Finally,":[195],"plotting":[197],"loss":[199,224],"surface":[200,225],"DL":[203],"models,":[204],"demonstrate":[206],"using":[208],"instead":[212],"smoother.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}