{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387805965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386","title":"Optimal Selfish Mining-Based Denial-of-Service Attack","display_name":"Optimal Selfish Mining-Based Denial-of-Service Attack","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387805965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045262050","display_name":"Qiuhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-9026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiuhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385486","display_name":"Chengyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-2423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103062371","display_name":"Tianyu Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6096-6005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126968","display_name":"National Center for Science and Technology Evaluation","ror":"https://ror.org/02pzr0022","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120069","https://openalex.org/I4210126968","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","National Secrecy Science and Technology Evaluation Center, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Secrecy Science and Technology Evaluation Center, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100614965","display_name":"Yizhi Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1421-9164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhi Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077728036","display_name":"Dong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-204X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003840059","display_name":"Guoyan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7059-5976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoyan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045262050"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94099371,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"835","last_page":"850"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.8669418096542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.6689220666885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6613299250602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6360732316970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5330912470817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4520901143550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41046226024627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1449083387851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10190939903259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08272472023963928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.8669418096542358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.6689220666885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6613299250602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6360732316970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5330912470817566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4520901143550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41046226024627686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1449083387851715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10190939903259277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08272472023963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3326386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151187442","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1541545136","https://openalex.org/W1581121707","https://openalex.org/W1851144268","https://openalex.org/W1988600100","https://openalex.org/W2098000533","https://openalex.org/W2129763443","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2465219533","https://openalex.org/W2522324130","https://openalex.org/W2547676993","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2799059781","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2898069736","https://openalex.org/W2920504514","https://openalex.org/W2946955635","https://openalex.org/W2963822137","https://openalex.org/W2986858900","https://openalex.org/W3043255647","https://openalex.org/W3095660977","https://openalex.org/W3113673319","https://openalex.org/W4289799450","https://openalex.org/W4293732046","https://openalex.org/W4312545299","https://openalex.org/W4389168093","https://openalex.org/W6634793266","https://openalex.org/W6638920519","https://openalex.org/W6674531584","https://openalex.org/W6845873572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4230824443","https://openalex.org/W4377970398","https://openalex.org/W3026018975","https://openalex.org/W2185673024","https://openalex.org/W1484565796","https://openalex.org/W4387985143","https://openalex.org/W4362599004","https://openalex.org/W2142794587","https://openalex.org/W2808242528","https://openalex.org/W4285163392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,29],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Bitcoin":[3,17,48],"has":[4,143],"become":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,16,137,163,171],"the":[8,47,95,108,111,127,133,138,159,164],"most":[9,13],"popular":[10],"cryptocurrencies.":[11],"The":[12,102],"significant":[14],"mechanism":[15],"is":[18,169],"PoW":[19],"(Proof-of-Work),":[20],"but":[21],"it":[22],"also":[23,93],"brings":[24],"opportunities":[25],"for":[26],"mining":[27,130,140,166],"attacks.":[28,131],"our":[30],"last":[31],"study,":[32],"we":[33,53,92],"proposed":[34],"a":[35,62,69,76,84,144,173],"Selfish":[36,152],"Mining-based":[37],"Denial-of-Service":[38],"Attack":[39],"(SDoS),":[40],"which":[41],"can":[42],"cause":[43],"serious":[44],"threats":[45],"to":[46,146],"system.":[49],"On":[50],"this":[51],"basis,":[52],"further":[54,121],"put":[55],"forward":[56],"three":[57],"greedier":[58],"SDoS":[59,65,72,79,87,112],"attack":[60,66,73,80,88],"strategies:":[61],"competitive":[63],"greedy":[64,71,78],"strategy":[67,74,81,89],"ESDoS,":[68],"trail":[70],"TSDoS,":[75],"hybrid":[77],"ETSDoS,":[82],"and":[83,123,157],"more":[85],"public":[86],"PSDoS.":[90],"Besides,":[91],"study":[94],"adversary\u2019s":[96],"optimal":[97,113],"strategies":[98],"under":[99],"different":[100],"conditions.":[101],"experimental":[103],"results":[104],"show":[105],"that":[106],"if":[107,158],"adversary":[109,134,160],"adopts":[110],"strategy,":[114],"his":[115,148],"revenue":[116,149],"increase":[117],"rate":[118],"will":[119],"be":[120],"improved":[122],"significantly":[124],"higher":[125],"than":[126],"other":[128],"existing":[129],"If":[132],"masters":[135,161],"14%":[136],"total":[139,165],"power,":[141,167],"he":[142,168],"chance":[145],"improve":[147],"(25%":[150],"in":[151,155],"Mining,":[153],"19.6%":[154],"SDoS),":[156],"15%":[162],"capable":[170],"launching":[172],"51%":[174],"attack.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}