{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387665628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772","title":"Gradient-Leaks: Enabling Black-Box Membership Inference Attacks Against Machine Learning Models","display_name":"Gradient-Leaks: Enabling Black-Box Membership Inference Attacks Against Machine Learning Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387665628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104666790","display_name":"Gaoyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-9360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2566-9360","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101306543","display_name":"Tianlong Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Smart Internet Technology, School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779494","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-4680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4255-4680","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012473461","display_name":"Zixiong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-7339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337659","display_name":"Chen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-4954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196699116","display_name":"Wuhan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03fe7t173","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-4954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Transportation Internet of Things, School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196699116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343991","display_name":"Ling Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4138-3082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4138-3082","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4898,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93762066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"427","last_page":"440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8260009288787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.69040846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.6651167869567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.6220849752426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.603800892829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.5733219385147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5650887489318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5501476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4726875126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.432540625333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4318747818470001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.357504665851593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20264682173728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.13920199871063232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8260009288787842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.69040846824646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.6651167869567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6220849752426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.603800892829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.5733219385147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5650887489318848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5501476526260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4726875126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.432540625333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4318747818470001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.357504665851593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20264682173728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.13920199871063232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3324772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2642264497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52031009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G408200172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20181","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4137277356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7481879049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103868202","https://openalex.org/W2122538988","https://openalex.org/W2132914434","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2535690855","https://openalex.org/W2717402182","https://openalex.org/W2795435272","https://openalex.org/W2887995258","https://openalex.org/W2913608349","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2948030332","https://openalex.org/W2963378725","https://openalex.org/W2963456518","https://openalex.org/W2963830550","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W2998183189","https://openalex.org/W3004170295","https://openalex.org/W3010177353","https://openalex.org/W3103245149","https://openalex.org/W3123057515","https://openalex.org/W3138815606","https://openalex.org/W3155551741","https://openalex.org/W3214437258","https://openalex.org/W4221155126","https://openalex.org/W4225412853","https://openalex.org/W4288057780","https://openalex.org/W4308410741","https://openalex.org/W4312331363","https://openalex.org/W4312820932","https://openalex.org/W4313547874","https://openalex.org/W4362515116","https://openalex.org/W4386071535","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6760848492","https://openalex.org/W6762931180","https://openalex.org/W6763077247","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6775482175","https://openalex.org/W6781511523","https://openalex.org/W6794256918","https://openalex.org/W6851775633","https://openalex.org/W6948022635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2145836866","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W3029990846"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"Learning":[1],"(ML)":[2],"techniques":[3],"have":[4,170],"been":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7,11,29,66,74,89],"many":[8],"real-world":[9,168],"applications":[10],"perform":[12],"a":[13,69,76,91,176],"wide":[14],"range":[15],"of":[16,54,86,112,119,136,164],"tasks.":[17],"In":[18,41],"practice,":[19],"ML":[20,79,93,165],"models":[21,166],"are":[22],"typically":[23],"deployed":[24],"as":[25,47],"the":[26,31,48,52,96,102,109,113,117,120,133,137,151],"black-box":[27,62],"APIs":[28],"protect":[30],"model":[32,80,94,123],"owner\u2019s":[33],"benefits":[34],"and/or":[35],"defend":[36],"against":[37],"various":[38],"privacy":[39,135],"attacks.":[40,182],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"present":[45],"Gradient-Leaks":[46,87,129,173],"first":[49],"evidence":[50],"showcasing":[51],"possibility":[53],"performing":[55],"membership":[56,110,134],"inference":[57],"attacks":[58],"(MIAs),":[59],"with":[60,167,180],"mere":[61],"access,":[63],"which":[64,99],"aim":[65],"determine":[67],"whether":[68],"data":[70,141],"record":[71,98,115],"was":[72],"utilized":[73],"train":[75],"given":[77,97,114],"target":[78,103,138,152],"or":[81,155],"not.":[82],"The":[83],"key":[84],"idea":[85],"is":[88],"construct":[90],"local":[92,122],"around":[95],"locally":[100],"approximates":[101],"model\u2019s":[104,139,153],"prediction":[105],"behavior.":[106],"By":[107],"extracting":[108],"information":[111],"from":[116],"gradient":[118],"substituted":[121],"using":[124],"an":[125,143],"intentionally":[126],"modified":[127],"autoencoder,":[128],"can":[130,174],"thus":[131],"breach":[132],"training":[140,157],"in":[142],"unsupervised":[144],"manner,":[145],"without":[146],"any":[147],"priori":[148],"knowledge":[149],"about":[150],"internals":[154],"its":[156],"data.":[158],"Extensive":[159],"experiments":[160],"on":[161],"different":[162],"types":[163],"datasets":[169],"shown":[171],"that":[172],"achieve":[175],"better":[177],"performance":[178],"compared":[179],"state-of-the-art":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}