{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387415270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602","title":"A Perspective of Using Frequency-Mixing as Entropy in Random Number Generation for Portable Hardware Cybersecurity IP","display_name":"A Perspective of Using Frequency-Mixing as Entropy in Random Number Generation for Portable Hardware Cybersecurity IP","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387415270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002591607","display_name":"Xiangye Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4252-0544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangye Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China; TAF Circuits Inc, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4252-0544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China; TAF Circuits Inc, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063725597","display_name":"Liming Xiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-8066"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Xiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TAF Circuits Inc., Plano, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-8066","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TAF Circuits Inc., Plano, TX, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060554231","display_name":"Yimao Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-8211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165198","display_name":"Beijing Advanced Sciences and Innovation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05qm21180","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165198"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimao Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China; School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6854-8211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Beijing, China; School of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165198","https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4524,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84512657,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"320","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.8729807138442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.7911258339881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7849113345146179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.5355342030525208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.47390949726104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4551733136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-seed","display_name":"Random seed","score":0.42133140563964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3564090132713318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2318439781665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14011743664741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.13289719820022583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.8729807138442993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.7911258339881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7849113345146179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.5355342030525208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.47390949726104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4551733136177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26263659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1886131","display_name":"Random seed","level":3,"score":0.42133140563964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3564090132713318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2318439781665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14011743664741516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.13289719820022583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3322602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206649999","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W1970099061","https://openalex.org/W1986536656","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W1999094902","https://openalex.org/W2010205010","https://openalex.org/W2031590600","https://openalex.org/W2038179376","https://openalex.org/W2056526236","https://openalex.org/W2059713124","https://openalex.org/W2066684071","https://openalex.org/W2067235573","https://openalex.org/W2098543956","https://openalex.org/W2109888209","https://openalex.org/W2110635581","https://openalex.org/W2113158626","https://openalex.org/W2117188320","https://openalex.org/W2139280266","https://openalex.org/W2154519861","https://openalex.org/W2160990975","https://openalex.org/W2177571745","https://openalex.org/W2286935927","https://openalex.org/W2318869941","https://openalex.org/W2401371495","https://openalex.org/W2496938897","https://openalex.org/W2523577972","https://openalex.org/W2538926017","https://openalex.org/W2549213854","https://openalex.org/W2594309104","https://openalex.org/W2610291885","https://openalex.org/W2900865731","https://openalex.org/W2907370351","https://openalex.org/W2908207594","https://openalex.org/W2928794622","https://openalex.org/W2959561311","https://openalex.org/W3045345759","https://openalex.org/W3047031678","https://openalex.org/W3090000278","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W3170227372","https://openalex.org/W3200348509","https://openalex.org/W4200107098","https://openalex.org/W6705141482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319430423","https://openalex.org/W4390224957","https://openalex.org/W4323831234","https://openalex.org/W2544043553","https://openalex.org/W2121309702","https://openalex.org/W1982685694","https://openalex.org/W49599899","https://openalex.org/W4311839959","https://openalex.org/W3217774925","https://openalex.org/W2040087757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"True":[0],"random":[1,55],"number":[2],"generator":[3],"(TRNG)":[4],"is":[5,34,49,62,88,147],"a":[6,54,79,104,135,150,154,160],"crucial":[7],"component":[8],"in":[9,143],"security.":[10],"In":[11,20],"typical":[12],"TRNGs,":[13],"entropy":[14,33],"comes":[15],"directly":[16],"from":[17],"device":[18],"noises.":[19],"this":[21,86,110],"work,":[22],"an":[23,45],"improved":[24],"method":[25],"of":[26,38,59,73,109,115,121,138],"using":[27],"frequency-mixing":[28],"as":[29],"means":[30],"for":[31,68,85,134,141],"enriching":[32],"implemented.":[35],"A":[36],"group":[37],"electromagnetic":[39],"waves":[40],"are":[41],"mixed":[42],"to":[43,52,65],"create":[44],"irregular":[46],"waveform":[47],"that":[48],"then":[50],"sampled":[51],"generate":[53],"bitstream.":[56],"Some":[57],"part":[58],"the":[60,66,70,74,89,102,131],"bitstream":[61],"fed":[63],"back":[64],"system":[67],"influencing":[69],"future":[71],"frequencies":[72],"sourcing":[75],"waves,":[76],"making":[77,101],"it":[78],"chaotic":[80],"system.":[81],"The":[82,107],"circuit-level":[83],"support":[84],"TRNG":[87,103,111,132,146],"TAF-DPS":[90],"(Time-Average-Frequency":[91],"Direct":[92],"Period":[93],"Synthesis)":[94],"technology.":[95],"It":[96],"can":[97],"be":[98],"digitally":[99],"implemented,":[100],"portable":[105],"IP.":[106],"merits":[108],"include":[112],"no":[113,118],"need":[114],"special":[116],"device,":[117],"post-processing,":[119],"free":[120],"bias,":[122],"programmable":[123],"throughput,":[124],"and":[125],"hard-to-recognize":[126],"spectrum.":[127],"Those":[128],"features":[129],"make":[130],"suitable":[133],"large":[136],"array":[137],"applications,":[139],"particularly":[140],"security":[142],"cyberspace.":[144],"This":[145],"validated":[148],"by":[149],"silicon":[151],"chip":[152],"on":[153,159],"180":[155],"nm":[156],"process,":[157],"also":[158],"FPGA.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
