{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386108495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916","title":"A Smart Digital Twin Enabled Security Framework for Vehicle-to-Grid Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":"A Smart Digital Twin Enabled Security Framework for Vehicle-to-Grid Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386108495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017712652","display_name":"Mansoor Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6694-4587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mansoor Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, ETS, University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, ETS, University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032243366","display_name":"Georges Kaddoum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5025-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA","LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georges Kaddoum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, ETS, University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada","Cyber Security Systems and Applied AI Research Center, Lebanese American University, Lebanon"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, ETS, University of Quebec, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyber Security Systems and Applied AI Research Center, Lebanese American University, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630343","display_name":"Wen-Tai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4008-0773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Tai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060020877","display_name":"Chau Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9307-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chau Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037080121","display_name":"Muhammad Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042307561","display_name":"H. Vincent Poor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2062-131X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Vincent Poor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017712652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I9736820"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.8862,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99120574,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"5258","last_page":"5271"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7910206913948059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6928709149360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6579935550689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4956425428390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.47090959548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.462527334690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45577123761177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4497067332267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.43095308542251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4030376374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33930516242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.31989067792892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.19919660687446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13276264071464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11146548390388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.10056477785110474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7910206913948059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6928709149360657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6579935550689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4956425428390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.47090959548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.462527334690094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45577123761177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4497067332267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.43095308542251587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4030376374721527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33930516242980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.31989067792892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.19919660687446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13276264071464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11146548390388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.10056477785110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3305916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/171272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/171272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:27627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/27627/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article publi\u00e9 dans une revue, r\u00e9vis\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G481716612","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2335876","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8554439942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2128448","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603771045","https://openalex.org/W1934071914","https://openalex.org/W1961262502","https://openalex.org/W1986598187","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2032561264","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2062773855","https://openalex.org/W2083287037","https://openalex.org/W2091497071","https://openalex.org/W2093197140","https://openalex.org/W2100445566","https://openalex.org/W2113039155","https://openalex.org/W2140900554","https://openalex.org/W2155742919","https://openalex.org/W2319367234","https://openalex.org/W2320793336","https://openalex.org/W2338952800","https://openalex.org/W2344383225","https://openalex.org/W2425148200","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2548082476","https://openalex.org/W2549613767","https://openalex.org/W2551992465","https://openalex.org/W2612796499","https://openalex.org/W2641422790","https://openalex.org/W2728126068","https://openalex.org/W2737306402","https://openalex.org/W2767792274","https://openalex.org/W2780473103","https://openalex.org/W2792818654","https://openalex.org/W2793015082","https://openalex.org/W2890415503","https://openalex.org/W2921677088","https://openalex.org/W2931271030","https://openalex.org/W2933412441","https://openalex.org/W2950426646","https://openalex.org/W2954493833","https://openalex.org/W2995783208","https://openalex.org/W3011765518","https://openalex.org/W3016746569","https://openalex.org/W3035474257","https://openalex.org/W3037750855","https://openalex.org/W3041497362","https://openalex.org/W3044239919","https://openalex.org/W3100491179","https://openalex.org/W3109531627","https://openalex.org/W3188636145","https://openalex.org/W4315647204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004173571","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W3147872107","https://openalex.org/W2289521417","https://openalex.org/W2237732271","https://openalex.org/W1980323860","https://openalex.org/W3123953333","https://openalex.org/W2296060994","https://openalex.org/W4389543476"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96,120,182],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,152,190,202],"electric":[4],"vehicle":[5],"(EV)":[6],"penetration":[7],"has":[8],"led":[9],"to":[10,29,135,142],"more":[11,27],"flexible":[12],"and":[13,45,61,73,81,87,138,150,198],"reliable":[14],"vehicle-to-grid-enabled":[15],"cyber-physical":[16,30],"systems":[17],"(V2G-CPSs).":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,116,124,132,148,153,186,200],"increasing":[21],"system":[22,59,70,125,193],"complexity":[23,60],"also":[24],"makes":[25],"them":[26],"vulnerable":[28],"threats.":[31],"Coordinated":[32],"cyber":[33],"attacks":[34,203],"(CCAs)":[35],"have":[36,54],"emerged":[37],"as":[38,69,174],"a":[39,79,92,99],"major":[40],"concern,":[41],"requiring":[42],"effective":[43],"detection":[44,86],"mitigation":[46,88],"strategies":[47],"within":[48,204],"V2G-CPSs.":[49],"Digital":[50],"twin":[51],"(DT)":[52],"technologies":[53],"shown":[55],"promise":[56],"in":[57,89,115],"mitigating":[58,199],"providing":[62],"diverse":[63],"functionalities":[64],"for":[65,84],"complex":[66],"tasks":[67],"such":[68,173],"monitoring,":[71],"analysis,":[72],"optimal":[74],"control.":[75],"This":[76],"paper":[77],"presents":[78],"resilient":[80],"secure":[82],"framework":[83,97,187],"CCA":[85,171],"V2G-CPSs,":[90],"leveraging":[91],"smart":[93,155],"DT-enabled":[94],"approach.":[95],"introduces":[98],"smarter":[100],"DT":[101,117,156],"orchestrator":[102],"that":[103,185],"utilizes":[104],"long":[105],"short-term":[106],"memory":[107],"(LSTM)":[108],"based":[109],"actor-critic":[110],"deep":[111],"reinforcement":[112],"learning":[113],"(LSTM-DRL)":[114],"virtual":[118],"replica.":[119],"LSTM":[121],"algorithm":[122],"estimates":[123],"states,":[126,194],"which":[127],"are":[128,160],"then":[129],"used":[130],"by":[131],"DRL":[133],"network":[134],"detect":[136],"CCAs":[137],"take":[139],"appropriate":[140],"actions":[141],"minimize":[143],"their":[144],"impact.":[145],"To":[146],"validate":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"practicality":[151],"proposed":[154],"framework,":[157],"case":[158],"studies":[159],"conducted":[161],"on":[162],"an":[163],"IEEE":[164],"30":[165],"bus":[166],"system-based":[167],"V2G-CPS,":[168],"considering":[169],"different":[170],"types":[172],"malicious":[175],"V2G":[176],"node":[177],"or":[178],"control":[179],"command":[180],"attacks.":[181],"results":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"is":[188],"capable":[189],"accurately":[191],"estimating":[192],"detecting":[195],"various":[196],"CCAs,":[197],"impact":[201],"5":[205],"seconds.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-29T08:15:47.926485","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
