{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379622969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915","title":"AdvDDoS: Zero-Query Adversarial Attacks Against Commercial Speech Recognition Systems","display_name":"AdvDDoS: Zero-Query Adversarial Attacks Against Commercial Speech Recognition Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379622969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060410658","display_name":"Yunjie Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-3180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjie Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6158-3180","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030015523","display_name":"Lingchen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1700-3836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingchen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1700-3836","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391116","display_name":"Qian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-8525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8967-8525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035352956","display_name":"Yiheng Duan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiheng Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083712477","display_name":"Minxin Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-6923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minxin Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-6923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.807,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94287019,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"3647","last_page":"3661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9401999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8356959223747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5465819239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4703940153121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.39726778864860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3679802119731903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32537317276000977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8356959223747253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5465819239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4703940153121948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.39726778864860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3679802119731903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32537317276000977}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3283915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2404993877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6034313629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8075392316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0107701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W316935178","https://openalex.org/W1637570796","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W2009674825","https://openalex.org/W2090861223","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2799174307","https://openalex.org/W2885407017","https://openalex.org/W2892852825","https://openalex.org/W2898435086","https://openalex.org/W2923292931","https://openalex.org/W2962717526","https://openalex.org/W2963058500","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964301649","https://openalex.org/W2966367171","https://openalex.org/W2972706975","https://openalex.org/W2973057252","https://openalex.org/W2973252307","https://openalex.org/W2990594762","https://openalex.org/W3006816054","https://openalex.org/W3017720918","https://openalex.org/W3084424094","https://openalex.org/W3088377098","https://openalex.org/W3091896612","https://openalex.org/W3109668151","https://openalex.org/W3128911095","https://openalex.org/W3162258435","https://openalex.org/W3197946353","https://openalex.org/W3207651366","https://openalex.org/W3215712566","https://openalex.org/W4253898901","https://openalex.org/W6636885848","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6719080892","https://openalex.org/W6722479552","https://openalex.org/W6748288002","https://openalex.org/W6750412548","https://openalex.org/W6754602573","https://openalex.org/W6755779437","https://openalex.org/W6760326341","https://openalex.org/W6765450635","https://openalex.org/W6766697149","https://openalex.org/W6770740836","https://openalex.org/W6776327753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"speech":[1],"recognition":[2],"(ASR)":[3],"has":[4,38],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"and":[7,15,115,183,185,192,211,237],"commercially":[8],"employed":[9],"in":[10,70,126],"health":[11],"care,":[12],"autonomous":[13],"vehicles,":[14],"finance.":[16],"Yet,":[17],"recent":[18],"studies":[19],"have":[20,136],"shown":[21],"that":[22],"universal":[23,220],"adversarial":[24,128],"perturbations":[25,129],"(UAPs)":[26],"pose":[27],"a":[28,50,111,116,168],"serious":[29],"threat":[30,51],"to":[31,40,90,97,102,135,150,233],"white-box":[32],"ASR":[33,91,118,155,172,224,254],"systems,":[34,173],"when":[35],"the":[36,41,46,67,71,78,122,159,198,219,228],"adversary":[37],"access":[39,89],"target":[42],"model.":[43],"Until":[44],"now,":[45],"impacts":[47],"of":[48,161,170,200,215,243],"such":[49],"on":[52,235,239,248],"commercial":[53,154,171],"systems":[54],"are":[55,61,133],"still":[56],"open":[57],"since":[58],"their":[59],"models":[60],"not":[62,95],"publicly":[63],"available.":[64],"To":[65],"understand":[66],"security":[68],"weakness":[69],"practical":[72],"black-box":[73,88],"setting,":[74],"this":[75],"paper":[76],"introduces":[77],"first":[79],"<italic":[80,174],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[81,175],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">zero-query</i>":[82],"UAP":[83,250],"attacks,":[84],"called":[85],"AdvDDoS,":[86],"with":[87,140,146],"systems:":[92],"we":[93,106],"do":[94],"need":[96],"pay":[98],"any":[99],"query":[100],"expense":[101],"estimate":[103],"UAPs.":[104],"Specifically,":[105],"craft":[107],"targeted":[108],"UAPs":[109,144,230],"under":[110],"popular":[112],"feature":[113],"extractor":[114],"local":[117],"model":[119],"by":[120,164,231],"reversing":[121],"robust":[123,131],"target-category":[124,147],"features,":[125],"which":[127,226],"containing":[130],"features":[132,148],"believed":[134],"better":[137,151],"transferability.":[138],"Compared":[139],"vanilla":[141,229],"UAPs,":[142],"our":[143,162,244],"incorporated":[145],"lead":[149],"attacks":[152,166,216,251],"against":[153,167,222,252],"systems.":[156,255],"We":[157],"validate":[158],"efficacy":[160],"AdvDDoS":[163,204],"launching":[165],"range":[169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e</i>":[176],".,":[177],"three":[178,186],"API":[179],"services":[180],"(Alibaba,":[181],"Tencent,":[182],"Baidu),":[184],"personal":[187],"assistants":[188],"(Apple":[189],"Siri,":[190],"iFlytek,":[191],"Google).":[193],"Extensive":[194],"experimental":[195],"results":[196],"demonstrate":[197],"superiority":[199],"AdvDDoS.":[201],"For":[202],"example,":[203],"achieves":[205],"83.26%":[206],"word":[207],"error":[208],"rate":[209],"(WER)":[210],"53.25%":[212],"success":[213,242],"rates":[214],"(SRoA)":[217],"for":[218],"attack":[221,245],"Tencent":[223],"API,":[225],"outperforms":[227],"up":[232],"61.56%":[234],"WER":[236],"11.6%":[238],"SRoA.":[240],"The":[241],"sheds":[246],"light":[247],"zero-query":[249],"Commercial":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}