{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4368232733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862","title":"ETD: An Efficient Time Delay Attack Detection Framework for UAV Networks","display_name":"ETD: An Efficient Time Delay Attack Detection Framework for UAV Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4368232733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034394422","display_name":"Wenbin Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005298264","display_name":"Liang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-2666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-2666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102474667","display_name":"Youwei Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131434179","display_name":"Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04523zj19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131434179"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youwei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131434179"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101109497","display_name":"Shanshan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101771127","display_name":"Ying Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0546-9062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.0204,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98658671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"2913","last_page":"2928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9081368446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6906552314758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6389888525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5959147214889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.589397668838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5247535705566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.48395636677742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4764956831932068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.47432559728622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-delay","display_name":"Transmission delay","score":0.41812068223953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.417765736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14322909712791443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9081368446350098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6906552314758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6389888525009155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5959147214889526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.589397668838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5247535705566406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.48395636677742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4764956831932068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.47432559728622437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108921912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834639","display_name":"Transmission delay","level":3,"score":0.41812068223953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.417765736579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14322909712791443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3272862","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G107330294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2439268379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2700500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3987445500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BE2020106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G470886357","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB2700502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6834753673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82004499","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7024710602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SATS202206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","funder_display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572481965","https://openalex.org/W2010634640","https://openalex.org/W2021497904","https://openalex.org/W2125957038","https://openalex.org/W2142522527","https://openalex.org/W2208472541","https://openalex.org/W2325432808","https://openalex.org/W2349769357","https://openalex.org/W2564348914","https://openalex.org/W2752040793","https://openalex.org/W2765131619","https://openalex.org/W2766428736","https://openalex.org/W2801959066","https://openalex.org/W2803697594","https://openalex.org/W2883880986","https://openalex.org/W2885984321","https://openalex.org/W2907701731","https://openalex.org/W2909721260","https://openalex.org/W2918639172","https://openalex.org/W2929637872","https://openalex.org/W2930810875","https://openalex.org/W2942653132","https://openalex.org/W2945020349","https://openalex.org/W2946706800","https://openalex.org/W2957142416","https://openalex.org/W2963117265","https://openalex.org/W2975612534","https://openalex.org/W2979205635","https://openalex.org/W2982626996","https://openalex.org/W2983008824","https://openalex.org/W2983040754","https://openalex.org/W2991644437","https://openalex.org/W2999057584","https://openalex.org/W3019478474","https://openalex.org/W3023865355","https://openalex.org/W3024862066","https://openalex.org/W3026481078","https://openalex.org/W3035974436","https://openalex.org/W3046357449","https://openalex.org/W3046394364","https://openalex.org/W3047564523","https://openalex.org/W3047778227","https://openalex.org/W3047845857","https://openalex.org/W3080175098","https://openalex.org/W3106848223","https://openalex.org/W3108785997","https://openalex.org/W3121084507","https://openalex.org/W3126033665","https://openalex.org/W3127893000","https://openalex.org/W3132693238","https://openalex.org/W3155127170","https://openalex.org/W3157808540","https://openalex.org/W3171954485","https://openalex.org/W3172737624","https://openalex.org/W3194930326","https://openalex.org/W3195477026","https://openalex.org/W3200491672","https://openalex.org/W3212441542","https://openalex.org/W3215732158","https://openalex.org/W4281940252","https://openalex.org/W4285248649","https://openalex.org/W6634082847","https://openalex.org/W6751494907","https://openalex.org/W6776979042","https://openalex.org/W6779937703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W854358031","https://openalex.org/W2590022098","https://openalex.org/W2781863720","https://openalex.org/W2109051037","https://openalex.org/W2374618115","https://openalex.org/W2186374852","https://openalex.org/W2552037046","https://openalex.org/W2265628522","https://openalex.org/W1804641721","https://openalex.org/W3118123280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,99],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Unmanned":[3],"Aerial":[4],"Vehicle":[5],"(UAV)":[6],"networks":[7,218],"are":[8,24],"widely":[9],"used":[10,149,180],"in":[11,96,213],"both":[12],"military":[13],"and":[14,48,62,73,115,127,155,219],"civilian":[15],"scenarios.":[16],"However,":[17,80],"due":[18,66],"to":[19,27,53,60,64,67,81,136,150,181,189],"the":[20,43,68,74,82,132,139,152,156,175],"distributed":[21],"nature,":[22],"they":[23],"also":[25],"vulnerable":[26],"threats":[28],"from":[29,119,185],"adversaries.":[30],"Time":[31,106],"delay":[32,93,142],"attack":[33,39,94],"is":[34,58,88,148,179],"a":[35],"type":[36],"of":[37,45,70,77,84,143,159,216],"internal":[38],"which":[40,167],"maliciously":[41],"delays":[42],"transmission":[44],"data":[46],"packets":[47],"further":[49],"causes":[50],"great":[51],"damage":[52],"UAV":[54,78,97,217],"networks.":[55,79,98],"Furthermore,":[56],"it":[57],"easy":[59],"implement":[61],"difficult":[63],"detect":[65],"avoidance":[69],"packet":[71],"modification":[72],"unique":[75],"characteristics":[76],"best":[83],"our":[85],"knowledge,":[86],"there":[87],"no":[89],"research":[90],"on":[91,166],"time":[92],"detection":[95,153,205],"this":[100],"paper,":[101],"we":[102,113,130,196],"propose":[103],"an":[104],"Efficient":[105],"Delay":[107],"Attack":[108],"Detection":[109],"Framework":[110],"(ETD).":[111],"First,":[112],"collect":[114],"select":[116],"delay-related":[117],"features":[118],"four":[120],"different":[121,220],"dimensions,":[122],"namely":[123],"delay,":[124],"node,":[125],"message":[126],"connection.":[128],"Meanwhile,":[129],"utilize":[131],"pre-planned":[133],"trajectory":[134],"information":[135],"accurately":[137],"calculate":[138],"real":[140],"forwarding":[141,157],"nodes.":[144],"Then,":[145],"one-class":[146],"classification":[147],"train":[151],"model,":[154],"behaviors":[158],"all":[160],"nodes":[161,184],"can":[162,171,200],"be":[163,172],"evaluated,":[164],"based":[165],"their":[168,190],"trust":[169,191],"values":[170],"obtained.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"K-Means":[176],"clustering":[177],"method":[178],"distinguish":[182],"malicious":[183],"benign":[186],"ones":[187],"according":[188],"values.":[192],"Through":[193],"extensive":[194],"simulation,":[195],"demonstrate":[197],"that":[198],"ETD":[199],"achieve":[201],"higher":[202],"than":[203,209],"80%":[204],"accuracy":[206],"with":[207],"less":[208],"2.5%":[210],"extra":[211],"overhead":[212],"various":[214],"settings":[215],"routing":[221],"protocols.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
