{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4364323110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162","title":"TRacer: Scalable Graph-Based Transaction Tracing for Account-Based Blockchain Trading Systems","display_name":"TRacer: Scalable Graph-Based Transaction Tracing for Account-Based Blockchain Trading Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4364323110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043816808","display_name":"Zhiying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4633-0008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021472169","display_name":"Jieli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031531093","display_name":"Jiajing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012731436","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100443178","display_name":"Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043816808"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.4806,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99697127,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"2609","last_page":"2621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.858308732509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.7743325233459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6788136959075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6522059440612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6371427774429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.5773166418075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5672290325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-data","display_name":"Transaction data","score":0.5243452191352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.4564398229122162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4263922870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-transaction","display_name":"Distributed transaction","score":0.4230625033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3760608434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3524479269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.33761441707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.33262133598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3118208646774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.12248873710632324}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.858308732509613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.7743325233459473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6788136959075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6522059440612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6371427774429321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.5773166418075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5672290325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127722929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7833714","display_name":"Transaction data","level":3,"score":0.5243452191352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.4564398229122162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4263922870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25185021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4053284","display_name":"Distributed transaction","level":4,"score":0.4230625033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3760608434677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3524479269981384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.33761441707611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33262133598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3118208646774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.12248873710632324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3266162","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1488555145","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011661","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2678325498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973325","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3130289383","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1006002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19684845","https://openalex.org/W46938732","https://openalex.org/W1845137714","https://openalex.org/W1854214752","https://openalex.org/W1930907635","https://openalex.org/W2022932831","https://openalex.org/W2086254934","https://openalex.org/W2125910575","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2132202037","https://openalex.org/W2184545129","https://openalex.org/W2283695185","https://openalex.org/W2743104969","https://openalex.org/W2743418339","https://openalex.org/W2762598207","https://openalex.org/W2794784953","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2899269371","https://openalex.org/W2911973563","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2990806707","https://openalex.org/W2995262540","https://openalex.org/W3034999443","https://openalex.org/W3035174294","https://openalex.org/W3039500550","https://openalex.org/W3047055682","https://openalex.org/W3082324443","https://openalex.org/W3096419271","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W3101543043","https://openalex.org/W3121669982","https://openalex.org/W3123330587","https://openalex.org/W3156644234","https://openalex.org/W3159942444","https://openalex.org/W3182540742","https://openalex.org/W3210902158","https://openalex.org/W4221142149","https://openalex.org/W4281824615","https://openalex.org/W4288276219","https://openalex.org/W6601941550","https://openalex.org/W6638958490","https://openalex.org/W6639055396","https://openalex.org/W6756256420","https://openalex.org/W6766612752","https://openalex.org/W6794867450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2364250032","https://openalex.org/W2123909466","https://openalex.org/W2125608776","https://openalex.org/W2403667029","https://openalex.org/W2372897440","https://openalex.org/W2053104377","https://openalex.org/W2956196523","https://openalex.org/W178980121","https://openalex.org/W2389053509","https://openalex.org/W2103985903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"incidents":[1],"such":[2],"as":[3,108,117],"scams":[4],"and":[5,40,63,76,89,100,112,125,167,214,237],"hacks":[6],"have":[7,93],"become":[8],"a":[9,109,118,137,185,191,234],"major":[10],"threat":[11],"to":[12,26,144,162,195],"the":[13,16,33,68,84,132,145,151,180,197,202,207,229],"health":[14],"of":[15,22,67,86,97,128,147],"blockchain":[17,27,38,60,70,105,114,165,209,221],"ecosystem,":[18],"resulting":[19],"in":[20,24,59,95,173,206],"billions":[21],"dollars":[23],"losses":[25],"users":[28],"each":[29],"year.":[30],"To":[31,122],"reveal":[32],"real-world":[34],"entities":[35],"behind":[36],"pseudonymous":[37],"accounts":[39,200],"recover":[41],"stolen":[42],"funds":[43],"from":[44,219],"massive":[45],"transaction":[46,106,110,115,133,139,156,171,181,210,230],"data,":[47],"much":[48],"effort":[49],"has":[50],"recently":[51],"been":[52],"put":[53],"into":[54],"tracing":[55,72,116,127,140,157,182,231,240],"illicit":[56],"financial":[57],"flows":[58],"by":[61],"academia":[62],"industry.":[64],"However,":[65],"most":[66],"current":[69],"fund":[71,129],"methods":[73,79,244],"are":[74,81],"heuristics":[75],"taint":[77],"analysis":[78,213],"that":[80,159,224],"designed":[82],"on":[83,131,217],"basis":[85],"expert":[87,247],"experience":[88],"specific":[90],"events,":[91],"which":[92,143,189],"limitations":[94],"terms":[96],"universality,":[98],"effectiveness":[99],"efficiency.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103],"models":[104],"records":[107],"graph":[111,119,203],"tackles":[113],"search":[120,204],"task.":[121],"achieve":[123,238],"efficient":[124],"effective":[126],"transfers":[130],"graphs,":[134],"we":[135,178],"propose":[136],"scalable":[138],"tool,":[141],"TRacer,":[142],"best":[146],"our":[148],"knowledge":[149],"is":[150,160],"<italic":[152],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[153],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">first</i>":[154],"intelligent":[155],"tool":[158],"generalized":[161],"multiple":[163,220],"account-based":[164],"platforms":[166,222],"can":[168,226],"handle":[169],"complex":[170],"behavior":[172],"decentralized":[174],"finance":[175],"(DeFi).":[176],"Particularly,":[177],"tackle":[179],"task":[183,232],"via":[184],"subgraph":[186],"searching":[187],"approach":[188],"employ":[190],"novel":[192],"ranking":[193],"method":[194],"infer":[196],"relevance":[198],"between":[199],"during":[201],"process":[205],"multi-relational":[208],"graph.":[211],"Theoretical":[212],"experimental":[215],"results":[216,241],"datasets":[218],"demonstrate":[223],"TRacer":[225],"efficiently":[227],"perform":[228],"at":[233],"lower":[235],"cost":[236],"better":[239],"than":[242],"existing":[243],"or":[245],"even":[246],"manual":[248],"audits.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
