{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366310817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884","title":"ETD-ConvLSTM: A Deep Learning Approach for Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids","display_name":"ETD-ConvLSTM: A Deep Learning Approach for Electricity Theft Detection in Smart Grids","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366310817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023083832","display_name":"Xiaofang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-2313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-2313","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052365521","display_name":"Jian Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6513-4358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055573797","display_name":"Qiannan Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-9808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiannan Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026009078","display_name":"Xiaoluan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoluan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021695419","display_name":"Chaofan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3915-1722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132586189","display_name":"Zhongyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0360zcg91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaofan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3915-1722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048420839","display_name":"Jiangtao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangtao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-0780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112277676","display_name":"Wei Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-017X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142078773","display_name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ft6nj33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Robotics, the Key Laboratory of Networked Control System, and the Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4730-017X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics, the Key Laboratory of Networked Control System, and the Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142078773","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4912,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97876398,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"2553","last_page":"2568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7626936435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5704079866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5028669238090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.4808850586414337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4209638237953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3337920010089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3303501009941101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7626936435699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5704079866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5028669238090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.4808850586414337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4209638237953186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3337920010089874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3303501009941101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3265884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1459315674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDC02020600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2095260381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M663636","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2754175472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902299","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3626935745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019TQ0239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4677272570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G541684100","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3301001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1965765523","https://openalex.org/W2038418498","https://openalex.org/W2160625801","https://openalex.org/W2312446965","https://openalex.org/W2538380608","https://openalex.org/W2545430234","https://openalex.org/W2556668893","https://openalex.org/W2616866055","https://openalex.org/W2776990447","https://openalex.org/W2794620754","https://openalex.org/W2795113588","https://openalex.org/W2858418091","https://openalex.org/W2911981000","https://openalex.org/W2946549132","https://openalex.org/W2948546254","https://openalex.org/W2970705010","https://openalex.org/W2978986055","https://openalex.org/W2980609871","https://openalex.org/W3005548505","https://openalex.org/W3116466274","https://openalex.org/W3120811316","https://openalex.org/W3137058877","https://openalex.org/W3199195582","https://openalex.org/W3199685644","https://openalex.org/W4206372987","https://openalex.org/W4210551373","https://openalex.org/W4211082292","https://openalex.org/W4225552947"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2751256511","https://openalex.org/W2611989081","https://openalex.org/W1597785538","https://openalex.org/W2382521298","https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W2491804929","https://openalex.org/W4230611425","https://openalex.org/W4280617453","https://openalex.org/W4380075502"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"smart":[1],"grids,":[2],"various":[3],"Internet-of-Things-based":[4],"(IoT-based)":[5],"components":[6,19],"are":[7,117,150],"massively":[8],"deployed":[9],"across":[10],"the":[11,175,181,192,206],"power":[12],"systems.":[13],"However,":[14],"most":[15],"of":[16,111,147,158,218],"these":[17,68,106],"IoT-based":[18],"have":[20,102],"their":[21],"own":[22],"vulnerabilities,":[23],"leveraging":[24],"which":[25,100,149],"malicious":[26,103],"users":[27],"can":[28,98,210],"launch":[29],"different":[30],"cyber/physical":[31],"attacks":[32],"to":[33,43],"steal":[34],"electricity.":[35],"Economic":[36],"losses":[37],"caused":[38],"by":[39,124,167],"electricity":[40,50,112],"theft":[41,51],"amount":[42],"$96":[44],"billion":[45],"in":[46,94,177,216],"2017.":[47],"Most":[48],"existing":[49,203],"detection":[52,64,193,219,231],"techniques":[53],"suffer":[54],"from":[55],"either":[56],"a":[57,62,72,90,126,145,154],"high":[58],"deployment":[59],"cost":[60],"or":[61,213],"low":[63],"accuracy.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"concerns,":[69],"we":[70,97],"propose":[71],"novel":[73],"Electricity":[74],"Theft":[75],"Detector":[76],"based":[77],"upon":[78],"Convolutional":[79],"Long":[80],"Short":[81],"Term":[82],"Memory":[83],"neural":[84],"networks,":[85],"called":[86],"ETD-ConvLSTM.":[87],"By":[88],"installing":[89],"central":[91],"observer":[92],"meter":[93],"each":[95,164],"community,":[96],"know":[99],"communities":[101],"users.":[104],"For":[105],"communities,":[107],"users\u2019":[108,178],"time":[109],"series":[110],"consumptions":[113,131],"with":[114,163,202],"temporal":[115],"correlations":[116],"transformed":[118],"into":[119,144,153],"spatio-temporal":[120],"sequence":[121,146],"data,":[122],"mainly":[123],"constructing":[125],"two-dimensional":[127],"matrix":[128,140],"containing":[129],"both":[130,185],"and":[132,187,190,224],"consumption":[133,179],"differences":[134],"among":[135],"several":[136,168],"adjacent":[137],"days.":[138],"This":[139],"is":[141],"then":[142,151],"divided":[143],"sub-matrices,":[148],"fed":[152],"ConvLSTM":[155,161,171],"network":[156],"consisting":[157],"multiple":[159],"stacked":[160],"layers,":[162],"layer":[165],"formed":[166],"temporarily":[169],"concatenated":[170],"nodes.":[172],"When":[173],"capturing":[174],"periodicity":[176],"patterns,":[180],"ETD-ConvLSTM":[182,208],"method":[183,209],"considers":[184],"global":[186],"local":[188],"knowledge,":[189],"hence":[191],"accuracy":[194],"improves":[195],"significantly.":[196],"Simulations":[197],"results":[198],"show":[199],"that":[200],"compared":[201],"state-of-the-art":[204],"detectors,":[205],"proposed":[207],"obtain":[211],"better":[212],"comparable":[214],"performance":[215],"terms":[217],"accuracy,":[220],"false":[221,225],"negative":[222],"rates":[223,227],"positive":[226],"within":[228],"much":[229],"shorter":[230],"time.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
