{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323644405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429","title":"Deep Learning Based Social Bot Detection on Twitter","display_name":"Deep Learning Based Social Bot Detection on Twitter","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323644405","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023281356","display_name":"Efe Ar\u0131n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95634034","display_name":"Gazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/054xkpr46","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Efe Arin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3311-1327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086826049","display_name":"M\u00fccahid Kutlu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-4992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13236232","display_name":"TOBB University of Economics and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03ewx7v96","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mucahid Kutlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-4992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13236232"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.4287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99524245,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"1763","last_page":"1772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8900312781333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6939234137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.6564337611198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.6211487054824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5936686396598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5581386089324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5323258638381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4423617124557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.236619234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18692010641098022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8900312781333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6939234137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.6564337611198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.6211487054824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5936686396598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5581386089324951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5323258638381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4423617124557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.236619234085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18692010641098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2023.3254429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G672714781","display_name":"Sosyal Medya \u00dczerinden Toplumsal E\u011filim Tespiti","funder_award_id":"120E514","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","funder_display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168564468","https://openalex.org/W176212337","https://openalex.org/W1671965234","https://openalex.org/W2034532433","https://openalex.org/W2117859196","https://openalex.org/W2157826538","https://openalex.org/W2238500808","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2263846226","https://openalex.org/W2398463581","https://openalex.org/W2516063120","https://openalex.org/W2584798500","https://openalex.org/W2595521492","https://openalex.org/W2596225776","https://openalex.org/W2787296320","https://openalex.org/W2790166049","https://openalex.org/W2794977433","https://openalex.org/W2797202416","https://openalex.org/W2890237629","https://openalex.org/W2893495107","https://openalex.org/W2907352650","https://openalex.org/W2908615780","https://openalex.org/W2916302242","https://openalex.org/W2936935342","https://openalex.org/W2952038015","https://openalex.org/W2963208026","https://openalex.org/W2965693630","https://openalex.org/W2969662548","https://openalex.org/W2987246247","https://openalex.org/W2997788455","https://openalex.org/W3003721286","https://openalex.org/W3016329693","https://openalex.org/W3019320019","https://openalex.org/W3035082952","https://openalex.org/W3041367927","https://openalex.org/W3093744263","https://openalex.org/W3093798014","https://openalex.org/W3101368527","https://openalex.org/W3102083609","https://openalex.org/W3106311261","https://openalex.org/W3125928061","https://openalex.org/W3192856967","https://openalex.org/W3194561115","https://openalex.org/W3212155898","https://openalex.org/W3214818997","https://openalex.org/W4220686914","https://openalex.org/W4231258178","https://openalex.org/W4240802145","https://openalex.org/W4285151702","https://openalex.org/W4285603307","https://openalex.org/W4289253852","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W6637006203","https://openalex.org/W6755321125","https://openalex.org/W6766640595","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W2249809453","https://openalex.org/W4284893819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"social":[1,30,34,87],"bots":[2,27,35],"can":[3,11],"be":[4,13],"used":[5,145],"for":[6],"various":[7],"good":[8],"causes,":[9],"they":[10],"also":[12],"utilized":[14,83],"to":[15,25,56,84,109],"manipulate":[16],"people":[17],"and":[18,77,92],"spread":[19],"malware.":[20],"Therefore,":[21],"it":[22],"is":[23],"crucial":[24],"detect":[26,57],"running":[28],"on":[29,128],"media":[31,88],"platforms.":[32],"However,":[33],"are":[36,82],"increasingly":[37],"successful":[38],"in":[39,47,69,146],"creating":[40],"human-like":[41],"messages":[42],"with":[43],"the":[44,120],"recent":[45],"developments":[46],"artificial":[48],"intelligence.":[49],"Thus,":[50],"we":[51,62,104,118,136],"need":[52],"more":[53],"sophisticated":[54],"solutions":[55],"them.":[58],"In":[59,114],"this":[60],"study,":[61],"propose":[63],"a":[64,78],"novel":[65],"deep":[66],"learning":[67,107],"architecture":[68,96,127,141],"which":[70],"three":[71,106],"long":[72],"short-term":[73],"memory":[74],"(LSTM)":[75],"models":[76],"fully":[79],"connected":[80,100],"layer":[81],"capture":[85],"complex":[86],"activity":[89],"of":[90,122,125],"humans":[91],"bots.":[93],"Since":[94],"our":[95,115,126,139,147],"involves":[97],"many":[98],"components":[99],"at":[101],"different":[102,133],"levels,":[103],"explore":[105],"schemes":[108],"train":[110],"each":[111,123],"component":[112,124],"effectively.":[113],"extensive":[116],"experiments,":[117],"analyze":[119],"impact":[121],"classification":[129],"accuracy":[130],"using":[131],"four":[132],"datasets.":[134],"Furthermore,":[135],"show":[137],"that":[138],"proposed":[140],"outperforms":[142],"all":[143],"baselines":[144],"experiments.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
