{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307466281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948","title":"A Stream Learning Approach for Real-Time Identification of False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Power Systems","display_name":"A Stream Learning Approach for Real-Time Identification of False Data Injection Attacks in Cyber-Physical Power Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307466281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019275492","display_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019749887","display_name":"Roozbeh Razavi\u2010Far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4330-3656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Razavi-Far","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100377219","display_name":"Meng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0928-9691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165799507","display_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01rtyzb94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165799507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038291093","display_name":"Mehrdad Saif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048942272","display_name":"B. Fardanesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6644-3408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I53746303","display_name":"New York State Energy Research and Development Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/00g46nx55","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I53746303"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Fardanesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Technology Development, New York Power Authority, White Plains, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Technology Development, New York Power Authority, White Plains, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I53746303"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019275492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95595146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"3934","last_page":"3945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8203166723251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.6017400622367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.5927886366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5695882439613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5158378481864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47036120295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream","display_name":"Data stream","score":0.4550219476222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4061431884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33781513571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.2638523578643799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1999371349811554}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8203166723251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.6017400622367859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.5927886366844177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5695882439613342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5158378481864929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47036120295524597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778484313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172540","display_name":"Data stream","level":2,"score":0.4550219476222992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4061431884765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33781513571739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2638523578643799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1999371349811554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3216948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:electricalengpub-1183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/electricalengpub/184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2687700316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CGSD3-569341-2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8011303245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2021-02968","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1981370199","https://openalex.org/W1993521476","https://openalex.org/W2012844989","https://openalex.org/W2044574055","https://openalex.org/W2054256383","https://openalex.org/W2100445566","https://openalex.org/W2130416896","https://openalex.org/W2145376937","https://openalex.org/W2186137641","https://openalex.org/W2308438456","https://openalex.org/W2322219549","https://openalex.org/W2343117455","https://openalex.org/W2344964031","https://openalex.org/W2478766721","https://openalex.org/W2557716486","https://openalex.org/W2564814102","https://openalex.org/W2593244526","https://openalex.org/W2792029691","https://openalex.org/W2792169732","https://openalex.org/W2798255764","https://openalex.org/W2893387339","https://openalex.org/W2899685079","https://openalex.org/W2912327636","https://openalex.org/W2912753047","https://openalex.org/W2918639172","https://openalex.org/W2955893219","https://openalex.org/W2960426479","https://openalex.org/W2962851662","https://openalex.org/W2963865981","https://openalex.org/W2998201667","https://openalex.org/W3014270684","https://openalex.org/W3040116469","https://openalex.org/W3090347063","https://openalex.org/W3099086397","https://openalex.org/W3119709424","https://openalex.org/W3152504018","https://openalex.org/W3203001013","https://openalex.org/W4234984547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2614563012","https://openalex.org/W4293337373","https://openalex.org/W1968533609","https://openalex.org/W1984270607","https://openalex.org/W2151842462","https://openalex.org/W2349333549","https://openalex.org/W2116445905","https://openalex.org/W4389000576","https://openalex.org/W2310485631","https://openalex.org/W2167825284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,45,85],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,82],"novel":[4,54,168],"data-driven":[5],"framework":[6,26,186],"to":[7,89,163],"aid":[8],"in":[9,49],"system":[10,16],"state":[11],"estimation":[12],"when":[13],"the":[14,38,42,93,96,102,109,116,122,129,136,150,194,204,209],"power":[15],"is":[17,47,143,187],"under":[18,178],"unobservable":[19],"false":[20,31,104,124],"data":[21,32,174,191],"injection":[22,33],"attacks.":[23,34],"The":[24,63,139,166,184,200],"proposed":[25,140,167,210],"dynamically":[27,171],"detects":[28],"and":[29,59,72,99,120,161,175,206],"classifies":[30],"Then,":[35],"it":[36],"retrieves":[37],"control":[39,60,118],"signal":[40,61,110,119],"using":[41],"acquired":[43],"information.":[44],"process":[46],"accomplished":[48],"three":[50],"main":[51],"modules,":[52],"with":[53,145],"designs,":[55],"for":[56],"detection,":[57],"classification,":[58],"retrieval.":[62],"detection":[64],"module":[65,112],"monitors":[66],"historical":[67],"changes":[68],"of":[69,92,101,152,208],"phasor":[70],"measurements":[71],"captures":[73],"any":[74],"deviation":[75],"pattern":[76],"caused":[77],"by":[78],"an":[79],"attack":[80,130],"on":[81],"complex":[83],"plane.":[84],"approach":[86],"can":[87,113,132,170],"help":[88],"reveal":[90],"characteristics":[91],"attacks":[94,177],"including":[95,149],"direction,":[97],"magnitude,":[98],"ratio":[100],"injected":[103,123],"data.":[105,125],"Using":[106],"this":[107],"information,":[108],"retrieval":[111],"easily":[114],"recover":[115],"original":[117],"remove":[121],"Further":[126],"information":[127],"regarding":[128],"type":[131],"be":[133],"obtained":[134,201],"through":[135],"classifier":[137,169],"module.":[138],"ensemble":[141],"learner":[142],"compatible":[144],"harsh":[146,181],"learning":[147,182],"conditions":[148],"lack":[151],"labeled":[153],"data,":[154],"concept":[155,157],"drift,":[156],"evolution,":[158],"recurring":[159],"classes,":[160],"independence":[162],"external":[164],"updates.":[165],"learn":[172],"from":[173,193],"classify":[176],"all":[179],"these":[180],"conditions.":[183],"introduced":[185],"evaluated":[188],"w.r.t.":[189],"real-world":[190],"captured":[192],"Central":[195],"New":[196],"York":[197],"Power":[198],"System.":[199],"results":[202],"indicate":[203],"efficacy":[205],"stability":[207],"framework.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
