{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293566097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","title":"Backpack: A Backpropagable Adversarial Embedding Scheme","display_name":"Backpack: A Backpropagable Adversarial Embedding Scheme","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293566097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/09891839.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/09891839.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079721867","display_name":"Sol\u00e8ne Bernard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8414-4495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solene Bernard","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8414-4495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012748071","display_name":"Patrick Bas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-5872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Bas","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0873-5872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016341724","display_name":"John Klein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-1145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153239","display_name":"Centre de Recherche en Informatique, Signal et Automatique de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/05vrs3189","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1326498283","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Klein","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-1145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, Univ. Lille, Lille, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4387153239","https://openalex.org/I7454413"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059337672","display_name":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Pevn\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-9713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Pevny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5768-9713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72570271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"3539","last_page":"3554"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8140666484832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7843006253242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.630652666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpack","display_name":"Backpack","score":0.5200271606445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4583946466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4405691623687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.43697303533554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backward-compatibility","display_name":"Backward compatibility","score":0.4277762770652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39992469549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3524390161037445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.33548691868782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3112109303474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1280096471309662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8140666484832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7843006253242493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.630652666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780345887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5843","display_name":"Backpack","level":2,"score":0.5200271606445312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4583946466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4405691623687744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.43697303533554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.4277762770652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39992469549179077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3524390161037445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.33548691868782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3112109303474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1280096471309662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/09891839.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3204218","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/4358835/09891839.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G425521036","display_name":"Tools for image forensics","funder_award_id":"ANR-16-DEFA-0003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G964978466","display_name":"Application on LArge and heterogeneous images database of Steganalysis techniK for Advances \"into the wild\"","funder_award_id":"ANR-18-ASTR-0009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","funder_display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320883","display_name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","ror":"https://ror.org/00rbzpz17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W1512190422","https://openalex.org/W1663899164","https://openalex.org/W1976570511","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2055625960","https://openalex.org/W2096156898","https://openalex.org/W2104705565","https://openalex.org/W2106663508","https://openalex.org/W2154026545","https://openalex.org/W2156722235","https://openalex.org/W2170598445","https://openalex.org/W2192227561","https://openalex.org/W2216916749","https://openalex.org/W2409085692","https://openalex.org/W2610979719","https://openalex.org/W2794584741","https://openalex.org/W2809596579","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2949862294","https://openalex.org/W2960934316","https://openalex.org/W2962269719","https://openalex.org/W2967148565","https://openalex.org/W2972693155","https://openalex.org/W3042716719","https://openalex.org/W3081541465","https://openalex.org/W3105479728","https://openalex.org/W3118455762","https://openalex.org/W3173290060","https://openalex.org/W3177469408","https://openalex.org/W3200766050","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6677480747","https://openalex.org/W6729448088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357598413","https://openalex.org/W1572898627","https://openalex.org/W2158982542","https://openalex.org/W4378741294","https://openalex.org/W4285152105","https://openalex.org/W4311253224","https://openalex.org/W1993992947","https://openalex.org/W2534449998","https://openalex.org/W4366601847","https://openalex.org/W32898970"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"min":[1,49,81],"max":[2,50,82],"protocol":[3,51,83],"offers":[4],"a":[5,14,39,45,65,71,98],"general":[6],"method":[7],"to":[8,31,57,89],"automatically":[9],"optimize":[10],"steganographic":[11,110],"algorithm":[12,26],"against":[13],"wide":[15],"class":[16],"of":[17,22,41,80,93,109],"steganalytic":[18],"detectors.":[19],"The":[20],"quality":[21],"the":[23,29,91,94,107],"resulting":[24],"steganograhic":[25],"depends":[27],"on":[28],"ability":[30],"find":[32],"an":[33],"\u201cadversarial\u201d":[34],"stego":[35],"image":[36],"undetectable":[37],"by":[38,96],"set":[40],"detectors":[42],"while":[43],"communicating":[44],"given":[46],"message.":[47],"Despite":[48],"instantiated":[52],"with":[53,84],"ADV-EMB":[54],"scheme":[55],"leading":[56],"unexpectedly":[58],"good":[59],"results,":[60],"we":[61,69],"show":[62],"it":[63],"suffers":[64],"significant":[66],"flaw":[67],"and":[68,104],"present":[70],"theoretically":[72],"sound":[73],"solution":[74],"called":[75],"Backpack.":[76],"Extensive":[77],"experimental":[78],"verification":[79],"Backpack":[85],"shows":[86],"superior":[87],"performance":[88],"ADV-EMB,":[90],"generality":[92],"tool":[95],"targeting":[97],"new":[99],"JPEG":[100],"QF100":[101],"compatibility":[102],"attack":[103],"further":[105],"improves":[106],"security":[108],"algorithms.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}