{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293812059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310","title":"Optimal Probabilistic Constellation Shaping for Covert Communications","display_name":"Optimal Probabilistic Constellation Shaping for Covert Communications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293812059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070464448","display_name":"Shuai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-3131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xian University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9168-3131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Information Communication Network and Security, Xian University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683915","display_name":"Yunqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-8499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010722108","display_name":"Haihong Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0919-7861"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haihong Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0919-7861","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455139","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-6195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099586","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data","ror":"https://ror.org/00z1gwf89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China","Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-6195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099586"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073757951","display_name":"Jia Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-9014"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-9014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037478980","display_name":"Long Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-2044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of ISN, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of ISN, School of Telecommunications Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053320672","display_name":"Youlong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-9995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youlong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-9995","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081018704","display_name":"Naofal Al\u2010Dhahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naofal Al-Dhahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9894-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011102707","display_name":"Shiyin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-7079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-7079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81775555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"3165","last_page":"3178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7530887722969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7505723834037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6963040828704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.6033289432525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5384613871574402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.47205764055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.41405248641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.37542176246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18616080284118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15190070867538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1277679204940796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7530887722969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7505723834037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6963040828704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.6033289432525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5384613871574402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.47205764055252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.41405248641967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37542176246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18616080284118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15190070867538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1277679204940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3203310","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2011752789","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901267","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4849224320","display_name":"\u79fb\u52a8\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u7f13\u5b58\u7f51\u7edc\u4f4e\u65f6\u5ef6NOMA\u4f20\u8f93\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G485561441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021D02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","funder_display_name":"Southeast University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5359172050","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JB210109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5362295611","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901327","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6712718161","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022WLJCRCZL10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323154","funder_display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308258","display_name":"Qualcomm","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323154","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W949353694","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1980201978","https://openalex.org/W2060500262","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2226740399","https://openalex.org/W2295172321","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2558778358","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2783440472","https://openalex.org/W2797043077","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2889437875","https://openalex.org/W2897986532","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2962960827","https://openalex.org/W2963108679","https://openalex.org/W2964289634","https://openalex.org/W2987093331","https://openalex.org/W3001150855","https://openalex.org/W3008277130","https://openalex.org/W3080678239","https://openalex.org/W3092473865","https://openalex.org/W3094965036","https://openalex.org/W3102424709","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3106493014","https://openalex.org/W3107775080","https://openalex.org/W3108479892","https://openalex.org/W3119339993","https://openalex.org/W3135239326","https://openalex.org/W3139370390","https://openalex.org/W3139528444","https://openalex.org/W3157007851","https://openalex.org/W3164862323","https://openalex.org/W3168211341","https://openalex.org/W3168495756","https://openalex.org/W3169567209","https://openalex.org/W3195333310","https://openalex.org/W3198654303","https://openalex.org/W3202866597","https://openalex.org/W3205585862","https://openalex.org/W3206417983","https://openalex.org/W4206223930","https://openalex.org/W4221160259","https://openalex.org/W4289656863"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W4247948804","https://openalex.org/W2392053643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,72],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,28,41,56,100],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,37,52,58,66,83,93,97,111,115,126,134,144,149],"optimal":[6,84,116],"probabilistic":[7,85,117,136],"constellation":[8,49,67,86,118,137],"shaping":[9,119,138],"design":[10],"for":[11,46,51,81],"covert":[12,22,38,43,59,146],"communication":[13],"systems":[14],"from":[15,20],"a":[16,90,103,107],"practical":[17,47],"view.":[18],"Different":[19],"conventional":[21],"communications":[23],"with":[24],"equiprobable":[25],"constellations":[26,31],"modulation,":[27],"propose":[29],"non-equiprobable":[30],"modulation":[32],"schemes":[33],"to":[34],"further":[35,101],"enhance":[36],"rate.":[39],"Specifically,":[40],"derive":[42],"rate":[44,60,113,147],"expressions":[45],"discrete":[48],"inputs":[50],"first":[53],"time.":[54],"Then,":[55],"study":[57],"maximization":[61],"problem":[62,120],"by":[63],"jointly":[64],"optimizing":[65],"distribution":[68],"and":[69,96],"power":[70],"allocation.":[71],"particular,":[73],"an":[74],"approximate":[75],"gradient":[76],"descent":[77],"method":[78],"is":[79],"proposed":[80],"obtaining":[82],"shaping.":[87],"To":[88],"strike":[89],"balance":[91],"between":[92],"computational":[94],"complexity":[95],"transmission":[98],"performance,":[99],"develop":[102],"framework":[104],"that":[105,133],"maximizes":[106],"lower":[108],"bound":[109],"on":[110],"achievable":[112,145],"where":[114],"can":[121],"be":[122],"solved":[123],"efficiently":[124],"using":[125],"Frank-Wolfe":[127],"method.":[128],"Extensive":[129],"numerical":[130],"results":[131],"show":[132],"optimized":[135],"strategies":[139],"provide":[140],"significant":[141],"gains":[142],"in":[143],"over":[148],"state-of-the-art":[150],"schemes.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
