{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293093522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860","title":"ACCORD: A Scalable Multileader Consensus Protocol for Healthcare Blockchain","display_name":"ACCORD: A Scalable Multileader Consensus Protocol for Healthcare Blockchain","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293093522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018501181","display_name":"Golam Dastoger Bashar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-2687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Golam Dastoger Bashar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-2687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089997443","display_name":"Joshua Holmes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9223-6385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Holmes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073603332","display_name":"Gaby G. Dagher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7837-182X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","display_name":"Boise State University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e3zdp86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaby G. Dagher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7837-182X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96648796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"2990","last_page":"3005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8358898758888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7952739000320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6193863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5986625552177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5938754081726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5894638895988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5815374851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.45104408264160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.38752034306526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11293202638626099}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8358898758888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7952739000320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6193863153457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5986625552177429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5938754081726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5894638895988464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5815374851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.45104408264160156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.38752034306526184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11293202638626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3198860","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.boisestate.edu:cs_facpubs-1344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cs_facpubs/338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196366","display_name":"Scholar Works  (Boise State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I120156002","host_organization_name":"Boise State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120156002"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Computer Science Faculty Publications and Presentations","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559136758","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1666126665","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W1880930944","https://openalex.org/W1982657370","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2080288192","https://openalex.org/W2102300583","https://openalex.org/W2113630849","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2486460265","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2620904645","https://openalex.org/W2747581703","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2809143401","https://openalex.org/W2921986961","https://openalex.org/W2954103930","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2971301867","https://openalex.org/W2996452324","https://openalex.org/W3010615643","https://openalex.org/W3015328028","https://openalex.org/W3018642214","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3111053373","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6686169942","https://openalex.org/W6719987976","https://openalex.org/W6744077507"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W4220849471"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"is":[1],"an":[2,111],"emerging":[3],"distributed":[4,60],"and":[5,18,37,55,75,99,142,158,165],"decentralized":[6,145],"technology":[7],"that":[8,44,95],"promises":[9],"to":[10,58,116,132,148,161],"revolutionize":[11],"the":[12,29,40,45,59,118,130,136,156],"healthcare":[13],"sector":[14],"by":[15,42,129,151],"securely":[16],"storing":[17],"maintaining":[19],"incorruptible":[20],"electronic":[21],"health":[22],"record":[23],"data.":[24],"Consensus":[25],"protocols":[26,65],"are":[27,49,76],"at":[28],"core":[30],"of":[31,47,70,106,120,138],"blockchain":[32],"technology.":[33],"They":[34],"establish":[35],"security":[36],"integrity":[38],"in":[39,50,135],"system":[41],"ensuring":[43],"majority":[46],"miners":[48],"agreement":[51],"on":[52],"all":[53],"transactions":[54],"blocks":[56],"added":[57],"ledger.":[61],"While":[62],"many":[63],"consensus":[64,87,150],"have":[66],"been":[67],"proposed,":[68],"most":[69],"them":[71],"require":[72],"heavy":[73],"computation":[74],"not":[77],"scalable.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"work,":[81],"we":[82,154],"propose":[83],"a":[84,91,124,144],"novel":[85],"permissioned":[86],"protocol,":[88],"named":[89],"ACCORD,":[90],"multi-leader":[92],"(quorum-based)":[93],"protocol":[94,127,147,157],"achieves":[96],"fork-resistance,":[97],"robustness,":[98,164],"scalability.":[100],"To":[101],"achieve":[102],"this,":[103],"ACCORD":[104],"consists":[105],"three":[107],"distinct":[108],"components:":[109],"(1)":[110],"asynchronous":[112],"quorum":[113,131,140],"selection":[114],"procedure":[115],"designate":[117],"creators":[119],"future":[121],"blocks,":[122],"(2)":[123],"block":[125],"creation":[126],"run":[128],"prevent":[133],"omissions":[134],"presence":[137],"honest":[139],"members,":[141],"(3)":[143],"arbitration":[146],"ensure":[149],"voting.":[152],"Additionally,":[153],"implemented":[155],"conducted":[159],"experiments":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"scalability,":[163],"fairness.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
