{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212847133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360","title":"CruParamer: Learning on Parameter-Augmented API Sequences for Malware Detection","display_name":"CruParamer: Learning on Parameter-Augmented API Sequences for Malware Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212847133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103103151","display_name":"Xiaohui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-7907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021090590","display_name":"Zhiyu Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-5094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371842","display_name":"Lun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-7835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101581995","display_name":"Lei Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-3297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079212616","display_name":"Yiran Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8003-9908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043207623","display_name":"Zhenquan Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenquan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101825876","display_name":"Yongji Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-6372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongji Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103103151"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5111,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99449862,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"788","last_page":"803"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8492476940155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8286542892456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6625238060951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6127480864524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5801183581352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4947587847709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.49246105551719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4762937128543854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4576903283596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4205556809902191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.347703218460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09215587377548218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8492476940155029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8286542892456055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6625238060951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6127480864524841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5801183581352234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4947587847709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.49246105551719666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4762937128543854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4576903283596039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4205556809902191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.347703218460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09215587377548218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2022.3152360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1642652327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072453","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2839045600","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4520096814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83212619","https://openalex.org/W192227941","https://openalex.org/W1573526548","https://openalex.org/W1583484179","https://openalex.org/W1790954942","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1893133781","https://openalex.org/W1965667542","https://openalex.org/W1966917005","https://openalex.org/W1966948031","https://openalex.org/W1970635365","https://openalex.org/W1985328160","https://openalex.org/W2018022926","https://openalex.org/W2040424958","https://openalex.org/W2041130390","https://openalex.org/W2047181172","https://openalex.org/W2061922307","https://openalex.org/W2097089247","https://openalex.org/W2133564696","https://openalex.org/W2135143063","https://openalex.org/W2152442131","https://openalex.org/W2162034246","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2307930854","https://openalex.org/W2380042537","https://openalex.org/W2461373307","https://openalex.org/W2469346691","https://openalex.org/W2508015754","https://openalex.org/W2517194566","https://openalex.org/W2557513839","https://openalex.org/W2564494760","https://openalex.org/W2744095836","https://openalex.org/W2765653036","https://openalex.org/W2776884785","https://openalex.org/W2784097977","https://openalex.org/W2890092828","https://openalex.org/W2910657275","https://openalex.org/W2917661079","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2973628901","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2984488829","https://openalex.org/W2990954041","https://openalex.org/W2998010923","https://openalex.org/W3006140559","https://openalex.org/W3097730806","https://openalex.org/W3138173041","https://openalex.org/W3169948074","https://openalex.org/W4242127608","https://openalex.org/W4293742266","https://openalex.org/W4294170691","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6640826072","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6729193369","https://openalex.org/W6738397735","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6783248943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W2753240997","https://openalex.org/W1764168690","https://openalex.org/W2537959205","https://openalex.org/W2740895074","https://openalex.org/W2772446090","https://openalex.org/W3152891574","https://openalex.org/W2249809453","https://openalex.org/W4284893819","https://openalex.org/W4316881845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning":[0],"on":[1,37,140,175],"execution":[2],"behaviour,":[3,58],"i.e.,":[4],"sequences":[5,38,110],"of":[6,39,53,71,87,103,111,160,168,184],"API":[7,63,112],"calls,":[8],"is":[9],"proven":[10],"to":[11,49,56,124,129],"be":[12],"effective":[13],"in":[14,101],"malware":[15,28],"detection.":[16],"In":[17,127],"this":[18],"paper,":[19],"we":[20,133,163],"present":[21],"CruParamer,":[22],"a":[23,54,121],"deep":[24,116],"neural":[25,117],"network":[26,118],"based":[27],"detection":[29],"approach":[30],"for":[31,90,119],"Windows":[32],"platform":[33],"that":[34,146],"performs":[35],"learning":[36],"parameter-augmented":[40],"APIs.":[41],"It":[42],"first":[43],"employs":[44],"rule-based":[45],"and":[46,59,83,98,137,172,178],"clustering-based":[47],"classification":[48],"assess":[50],"the":[51,62,65,76,80,84,92,109,115,131,158,166,179,182],"sensitivity":[52],"parameter":[55],"malicious":[57],"further":[60],"labels":[61],"following":[64],"run-time":[66],"parameters":[67],"with":[68],"varying":[69],"degrees":[70],"sensitivities.":[72],"Then,":[73],"it":[74,107,139],"encodes":[75],"APIs":[77,97,154],"by":[78],"concatenating":[79],"native":[81],"embedding":[82,86,113],"sensitive":[85],"labelled":[88,96],"APIs,":[89],"characterizing":[91],"relationship":[93],"between":[94],"successive":[95],"their":[99],"correspondence":[100],"terms":[102],"security":[104],"semantics.":[105],"Finally,":[106],"feeds":[108],"into":[114],"training":[120],"binary":[122],"classifier":[123],"detect":[125],"malware.":[126],"addition":[128],"presenting":[130],"design,":[132],"have":[134,164],"implemented":[135],"CruParamer":[136,147],"evaluated":[138,165],"two":[141],"datasets.":[142],"The":[143],"results":[144,180],"demonstrate":[145],"outperforms":[148],"na\u00efve":[149],"models":[150],"when":[151],"taking":[152],"raw":[153],"as":[155],"input,":[156],"proving":[157],"effectiveness":[159],"CruParamer.":[161,185],"Moreover,":[162],"impact":[167],"<italic":[169],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[170],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">mimicry</i>":[171],"adversarial":[173],"attacks":[174],"our":[176],"model,":[177],"verify":[181],"robustness":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}