{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205366980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611","title":"Leia: A Lightweight Cryptographic Neural Network Inference System at the Edge","display_name":"Leia: A Lightweight Cryptographic Neural Network Inference System at the Edge","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205366980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Leia_A_Lightweight_Cryptographic_Neural_Network_Inference_System_at_the_Edge/27553257","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778754","display_name":"Xiaoning Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9874-8839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoning Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012701826","display_name":"Bang Ye Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064553444","display_name":"Xingliang Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3701-4946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingliang Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3701-4946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100709723","display_name":"Xun Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-5724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.958,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94627266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":"237","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8815914392471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5983282327651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5568733811378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5164473056793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.49012359976768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.48864513635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4654105007648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4593828320503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4503180682659149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44514039158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4405844509601593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.430368036031723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4181937873363495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.41031986474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29336750507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.14366993308067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.12841719388961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09581997990608215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8815914392471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5983282327651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5568733811378479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5164473056793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.49012359976768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.48864513635635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4654105007648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4593828320503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4503180682659149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44514039158821106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4405844509601593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.430368036031723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4181937873363495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.41031986474990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29336750507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.14366993308067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.12841719388961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09581997990608215}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3138611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma61RMIT.INST:11294181210001341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP190102835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402074","display_name":"RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","host_organization_name":"RMIT University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27553257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Leia_A_Lightweight_Cryptographic_Neural_Network_Inference_System_at_the_Edge/27553257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/27553257","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Leia_A_Lightweight_Cryptographic_Neural_Network_Inference_System_at_the_Edge/27553257","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1576390209","display_name":"Privacy-preserving cloud data mining-as-a-service","funder_award_id":"LP160101766","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5153727943","display_name":"Privacy-preserving online user matching","funder_award_id":"DP180103251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5228034715","display_name":"Private searching on streaming data","funder_award_id":"DP190102835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6699625097","display_name":"Encrypted, Distributed, and Queryable Data Store: Framework and Realisation","funder_award_id":"DP200103308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44936433","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W1524288918","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1969009977","https://openalex.org/W2019891719","https://openalex.org/W2047370889","https://openalex.org/W2135297873","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2927692314","https://openalex.org/W2951626733","https://openalex.org/W2953483183","https://openalex.org/W2963106566","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2964261135","https://openalex.org/W2969373235","https://openalex.org/W2983440318","https://openalex.org/W2984644945","https://openalex.org/W3003532255","https://openalex.org/W3008493372","https://openalex.org/W3033548151","https://openalex.org/W3081957293","https://openalex.org/W3102360395","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3112297092","https://openalex.org/W3175868174","https://openalex.org/W4205366980","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6760122430","https://openalex.org/W6770399320","https://openalex.org/W6785814594","https://openalex.org/W6790152577","https://openalex.org/W6800286734","https://openalex.org/W6806465348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3154796165","https://openalex.org/W4322761281","https://openalex.org/W2048100608","https://openalex.org/W4238233472","https://openalex.org/W4313463218","https://openalex.org/W2090296580","https://openalex.org/W4312996489","https://openalex.org/W3111395152","https://openalex.org/W4313526662","https://openalex.org/W3106131444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,156],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"have":[5],"revealed":[6],"its":[7],"great":[8],"potential":[9],"for":[10,35],"emerging":[11],"mobile":[12,36,54,114],"applications":[13],"such":[14,43],"as":[15],"face":[16],"recognition":[17],"and":[18,31,140,153,175,192,202],"voice":[19],"assistant.":[20],"Models":[21],"trained":[22],"via":[23,205],"a":[24,80,166],"Neural":[25,163],"Network":[26,164],"(NN)":[27],"can":[28],"offer":[29],"accurate":[30],"efficient":[32],"inference":[33,84,106,134,173],"services":[34,129],"users.":[37],"Unfortunately,":[38],"the":[39,50,53,60,68,87,99,105,109,113,136,146,161,178,209],"current":[40],"deployment":[41],"of":[42,59,101,125,149,169,187,211],"service":[44,69],"encounters":[45],"privacy":[46,58],"concerns.":[47],"Directly":[48],"offloading":[49],"model":[51,57,61,110],"to":[52,67,112,116,130,183],"device":[55],"violates":[56],"owner,":[62],"while":[63],"feeding":[64],"user":[65,71,115,138],"input":[66],"compromises":[70],"privacy.":[72],"To":[73],"address":[74],"this":[75],"issue,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"Leia,":[79],"lightweight":[81,179],"cryptographic":[82],"NN":[83,133,170],"system":[85],"at":[86],"edge.":[88],"Leia":[89,191],"is":[90],"designed":[91],"from":[92],"two":[93,126],"mobile-friendly":[94],"perspectives.":[95],"First,":[96],"it":[97,194],"leverages":[98],"paradigm":[100],"edge":[102,128,157],"computing":[103],"wherein":[104],"procedure":[107],"keeps":[108],"closer":[111],"foster":[117],"low":[118,172],"latency":[119],"service.":[120],"Specifically,":[121],"Leia&#x2019;s":[122,143],"architecture":[123],"consists":[124],"non-colluding":[127],"obliviously":[131],"perform":[132],"on":[135,195,200],"encoded":[137],"data":[139],"model.":[141],"Second,":[142],"realization":[144],"makes":[145],"judicious":[147],"use":[148],"potentially":[150],"constrained":[151],"computational":[152],"communication":[154],"resources":[155],"devices.":[158],"We":[159,189],"adapt":[160],"Binarized":[162],"(BNN),":[165],"trending":[167],"flavor":[168],"with":[171],"overhead,":[174],"purely":[176],"choose":[177],"secret":[180],"sharing":[181],"techniques":[182],"realize":[184],"secure":[185],"blocks":[186],"BNN.":[188],"implement":[190],"deploy":[193],"Raspberry":[196],"Pi.":[197],"Empirical":[198],"evaluations":[199],"benchmark":[201],"medical":[203],"datasets":[204],"various":[206],"models":[207],"demonstrate":[208],"practicality":[210],"Leia.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
