{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196593217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","title":"Neyman\u2019s Smoothness Test: A Trade-Off Between Moment-Based and Distribution-Based Leakage Detections","display_name":"Neyman\u2019s Smoothness Test: A Trade-Off Between Moment-Based and Distribution-Based Leakage Detections","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196593217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","mag":"3196593217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057287937","display_name":"Si Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-5906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria. (e-mail: si-gao@outlook.com)","Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5293-5906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria. (e-mail: si-gao@outlook.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040494476","display_name":"Elisabeth Oswald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-3184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Oswald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria","Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395059","display_name":"Yan Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166741","display_name":"University of Klagenfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/05q9m0937","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria","Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of AI and Cybersecurity, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166741"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12062344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"4494","last_page":"4506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6261940598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5970766544342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.4793558716773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothness","display_name":"Smoothness","score":0.45273274183273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.413299560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4101807475090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.343334436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23479145765304565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6261940598487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5970766544342041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4793558716773987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102634674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868473","display_name":"Smoothness","level":2,"score":0.45273274183273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.413299560546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4101807475090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.343334436416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23479145765304565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3108570","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/25dc73c6-fa1d-4eff-808c-ce13d7d606d5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/25dc73c6-fa1d-4eff-808c-ce13d7d606d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gao , S , Oswald , E & Yan , Y 2021 , ' Neyman's Smoothness Test : A Trade-Off between Moment-Based and Distribution-Based Leakage Detections ' , IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security , vol. 16 , pp. 4494-4506 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2021.3108570","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8928928859","display_name":"Sound and Early Assessment of Leakage for Embedded Software","funder_award_id":"725042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","funder_display_name":"H2020 European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338335","display_name":"H2020 European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8606344","https://openalex.org/W802019357","https://openalex.org/W1499081748","https://openalex.org/W1510924833","https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1550579237","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1567394420","https://openalex.org/W1602453119","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1838677899","https://openalex.org/W1862426464","https://openalex.org/W1892788402","https://openalex.org/W1970453541","https://openalex.org/W1987273567","https://openalex.org/W2039712080","https://openalex.org/W2071560805","https://openalex.org/W2094660994","https://openalex.org/W2110114750","https://openalex.org/W2124785100","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2161740631","https://openalex.org/W2318229364","https://openalex.org/W2474114598","https://openalex.org/W2486054928","https://openalex.org/W2612816951","https://openalex.org/W2621670670","https://openalex.org/W2741776607","https://openalex.org/W2791935447","https://openalex.org/W2794771270","https://openalex.org/W2794838409","https://openalex.org/W2802286056","https://openalex.org/W2914572864","https://openalex.org/W2929306064","https://openalex.org/W2929412763","https://openalex.org/W2942216431","https://openalex.org/W2944260988","https://openalex.org/W2953160047","https://openalex.org/W2963361038","https://openalex.org/W2990090555","https://openalex.org/W2991385415","https://openalex.org/W3013119239","https://openalex.org/W3142379653","https://openalex.org/W3158750138","https://openalex.org/W4236100055","https://openalex.org/W4239644085","https://openalex.org/W4242566960","https://openalex.org/W4253111648","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6622822418","https://openalex.org/W6722983048","https://openalex.org/W6749659178","https://openalex.org/W6759495720","https://openalex.org/W6775896989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2393022482","https://openalex.org/W2377346130","https://openalex.org/W2361092061","https://openalex.org/W2319775965","https://openalex.org/W2357314690","https://openalex.org/W2191886813","https://openalex.org/W3081694532","https://openalex.org/W2163394011","https://openalex.org/W2795976185","https://openalex.org/W2353606679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leakage":[0],"detection":[1,77],"tests":[2],"have":[3,59],"become":[4],"an":[5],"indispensable":[6],"tool":[7],"for":[8,152],"testing":[9],"implementations":[10],"featuring":[11],"side":[12],"channel":[13],"countermeasures":[14],"such":[15,21,48,145],"as":[16,22,49],"masking.":[17],"Whilst":[18],"moment-based":[19],"techniques":[20,47],"the":[23,44,50,55,98,118,121,136,139],"Welch\u2019s":[24,101],"t-test":[25,137],"are":[26],"universally":[27],"powerful":[28],"if":[29,40],"there":[30,127],"is":[31,42,90,110,128,148],"leakage":[32,76,108],"in":[33,113,150],"a":[34,74,129,146],"central":[35,114],"moment,":[36],"they":[37,58],"naturally":[38],"fail":[39],"this":[41,70],"not":[43,61,111],"case.":[45],"Distribution-based":[46],"\u03c72-test":[51],"then":[52],"come":[53],"to":[54,62,67,94,97,117],"rescue,":[56],"but":[57],"shown":[60],"be":[63],"robust":[64,91],"with":[65,92],"regards":[66],"noise.":[68],"In":[69],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"propose":[73],"novel":[75],"technique":[78],"based":[79],"on":[80,107],"Neyman\u2019s":[81,132],"smoothness":[82],"test.":[83],"We":[84,123],"find":[85,125],"that":[86,109,126,144],"our":[87],"new":[88],"test":[89,133],"respect":[93],"noise":[95],"(similar":[96,116],"merit":[99,119],"of":[100,120],"t-test),":[102],"and":[103,138],"can":[104],"pick":[105],"up":[106],"located":[112],"moments":[115],"\u03c72-test).":[122],"also":[124],"sweet-spot":[130,147],"where":[131],"outperforms":[134],"both":[135],"\u03c72-test.":[140],"Realistic":[141],"measurements":[142],"confirm":[143],"relevant":[149],"practice":[151],"detecting":[153],"implementation":[154],"flaws.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}