{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194311276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","title":"RLS-PSM: A Robust and Accurate Password Strength Meter Based on Reuse, Leet and Separation","display_name":"RLS-PSM: A Robust and Accurate Password Strength Meter Based on Reuse, Leet and Separation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194311276","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","mag":"3194311276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051027812","display_name":"Qiying Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-7154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiying Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4099-7154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005646333","display_name":"Chunfu Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfu Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027147194","display_name":"Fei Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-7184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030674762","display_name":"Ding Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1667-2237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cyber Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Network and Data Security Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6951,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87713234,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"4988","last_page":"5002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.7343350052833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6937578916549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40864384174346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3603265881538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23662012815475464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.7343350052833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937578916549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40864384174346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3603265881538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23662012815475464}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3107147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G347215597","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7511118009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFA0704703","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W167157979","https://openalex.org/W1267153886","https://openalex.org/W1463944966","https://openalex.org/W1993263140","https://openalex.org/W2007488200","https://openalex.org/W2014833947","https://openalex.org/W2019578814","https://openalex.org/W2048755632","https://openalex.org/W2054626033","https://openalex.org/W2073342447","https://openalex.org/W2097267243","https://openalex.org/W2109878465","https://openalex.org/W2111397260","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W2135359429","https://openalex.org/W2157151879","https://openalex.org/W2396652156","https://openalex.org/W2463456957","https://openalex.org/W2488850733","https://openalex.org/W2528123348","https://openalex.org/W2559948297","https://openalex.org/W2622542573","https://openalex.org/W2734150319","https://openalex.org/W2743151892","https://openalex.org/W2801242599","https://openalex.org/W2891820333","https://openalex.org/W2931153881","https://openalex.org/W2968267813","https://openalex.org/W3016314916","https://openalex.org/W3082883636","https://openalex.org/W3087524242","https://openalex.org/W3097523736","https://openalex.org/W4214704132","https://openalex.org/W4298423176","https://openalex.org/W6605803077","https://openalex.org/W6606842148","https://openalex.org/W6628549248","https://openalex.org/W6719406283","https://openalex.org/W6722583902","https://openalex.org/W6739095546","https://openalex.org/W6767270520","https://openalex.org/W6783568298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W2134080857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Password":[0],"strength":[1],"meters":[2],"(PSMs)":[3],"are":[4,28],"being":[5],"widely":[6],"used,":[7],"but":[8],"they":[9],"often":[10],"give":[11],"conflicting,":[12],"inaccurate":[13],"and":[14,45,48,56,81,96,106,115,157,181,187,191,204,206,212],"misleading":[15],"feedback,":[16],"which":[17,31],"defeats":[18],"their":[19],"purpose.":[20],"Except":[21],"for":[22,102,264,270],"fuzzyPSM,":[23,65,202],"all":[24,225],"PSMs":[25,196,262],"assume":[26],"passwords":[27,244],"newly":[29],"constructed,":[30],"is":[32,221,247,256],"not":[33],"true":[34],"in":[35,266],"reality.":[36],"FuzzyPSM":[37],"considers":[38],"password":[39,91,207],"reuse,":[40],"six":[41,170],"major":[42],"leet":[43,103],"transformations":[44],"initial":[46],"capitalization,":[47],"performs":[49],"the":[50,62,108,124,140,150,177,189,217],"best":[51],"as":[52],"evaluated":[53],"by":[54],"Golla":[55],"D\u00fcrmuth":[57],"at":[58],"ACM":[59],"CCS\u201918.":[60],"On":[61],"basis":[63],"of":[64,126,145,153,161,167,193,219,241,245,254],"we":[66,89,117,130,163,175],"propose":[67,131],"a":[68,146],"new":[69],"PSM":[70],"based":[71],"on":[72,238],"<underline":[73,77,82],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[74,78,83,135,142,229,235],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">R</u>":[75],"euse,":[76],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">L</u>":[79],"eet":[80],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">S</u>":[84],"eparation,":[85],"namely":[86],"RLS-PSM.":[87],"First,":[88],"classify":[90],"reuse":[92],"behaviors":[93],"into":[94],"capitalization":[95],"those":[97],"that":[98,216],"use":[99,118,133,176],"special":[100],"characters":[101],"or":[104],"separation,":[105],"calculate":[107,123],"corresponding":[109],"probabilities.":[110],"Then,":[111],"to":[112,122,132,138,149,185],"balance":[113],"efficiency":[114],"precision,":[116],"Long":[119],"Short-Term":[120],"Memory":[121],"probabilities":[125],"alphanumeric":[127],"strings.":[128],"Besides,":[129],"<italic":[134,141,228],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">benchmark":[136],"passwords</i>":[137],"show":[139],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">relative":[143],"strength</i>":[144],"password.":[147],"Due":[148],"varied":[151],"impacts":[152],"different":[154,171],"service":[155,172],"types":[156],"diversified":[158],"economic":[159],"value":[160],"websites,":[162],"consider":[164],"parameter":[165],"settings":[166],"RLS-PSM":[168,220,246,255],"under":[169],"types.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"Monte":[178],"Carlo":[179],"method":[180],"weighted":[182],"Spearman":[183],"coefficient":[184],"measure":[186],"compare":[188],"robustness":[190,218],"accuracy":[192,253],"RLS-PSM,":[194],"leading":[195],"(including":[197,210],"Markov-based":[198],"PSM,":[199,201],"PCFG-based":[200],"RNN,":[203],"Zxcvbn),":[205],"cracking":[208],"tools":[209],"JtR":[211],"Hashcat).":[213],"We":[214],"find":[215],"significantly":[222],"higher":[223,249],"than":[224,250,259],"counterparts":[226],"when":[227],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">evaluating":[230],"attempts</i>":[231],">":[232],"10":[233],"<sup":[234],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4</sup>":[236],"(e.g.,":[237],"average,":[239],"Fraction":[240],"Successfully":[242],"Evaluated":[243],"18.9%":[248],"fuzzyPSM).":[251],"The":[252],"also":[257],"better":[258],"other":[260],"mainstream":[261],"used":[263],"comparison":[265],"this":[267],"paper,":[268],"except":[269],"fuzzyPSM.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
