{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179610792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","title":"Privacy\u2013Enhancing Face Biometrics: A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"Privacy\u2013Enhancing Face Biometrics: A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179610792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","mag":"3179610792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9151439/09481149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9151439/09481149.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005642535","display_name":"Bla\u017e Meden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-4798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blaz Meden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1690-4798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011019501","display_name":"Peter Rot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Rot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4491-2744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044420198","display_name":"Philipp Terh\u00f6rst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-5712"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Terhorst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-5712","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059766088","display_name":"Naser Damer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naser Damer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7910-7895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046597105","display_name":"Arjan Kuijper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-0061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019423309","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gmsar03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arjan Kuijper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-0061","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019423309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091513740","display_name":"Walter J. Scheirer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-8074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walter J. Scheirer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9649-8074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061834795","display_name":"Arun Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-3013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arun Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8850-3013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027730478","display_name":"Peter Peer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-4035"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Peer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-4035","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038322250","display_name":"Vitomir \u0160truc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vitomir Struc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-5780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.7618,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":196,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99264195,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"4147","last_page":"4183"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8068760633468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7195091247558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.6675139665603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.6114542484283447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5417417287826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5336670875549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.5166685581207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.46147772669792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.455163836479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37862488627433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15729033946990967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8068760633468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7195091247558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.6675139665603638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.6114542484283447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5417417287826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5336670875549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.5166685581207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.46147772669792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.455163836479187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37862488627433777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15729033946990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9151439/09481149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.uni-lj.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=144727","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=167209&dn=","pdf_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=167210&dn=","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on information forensics and security, vol. 16, pp. 4147-4183, 2021.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-638102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-638102.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400801","display_name":"Publikationsdatenbank der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IGD","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/268113","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/268113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:127617","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/127617/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3096024","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/10206/9151439/09481149.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2887816175","display_name":"TWC: Small: Imparting Privacy to Biometric Data in Cyberspace","funder_award_id":"1618518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4363061659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"P2-0214 (A) Computer Vision","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956130766","display_name":"Face deidentification with generative deep models (FaceGEN)","funder_award_id":"J2-1734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7307763777","display_name":"Computer Vision","funder_award_id":"P2-0214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8337974055","display_name":"Metrology and biometric systems","funder_award_id":"P2-0250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","funder_display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322554","display_name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","ror":"https://ror.org/059bp8k51"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179610792.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3179610792.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":335,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24089286","https://openalex.org/W28205226","https://openalex.org/W81175482","https://openalex.org/W95234065","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W140270651","https://openalex.org/W179458199","https://openalex.org/W185854348","https://openalex.org/W297909767","https://openalex.org/W805707617","https://openalex.org/W855989719","https://openalex.org/W1139204857","https://openalex.org/W1463577563","https://openalex.org/W1488338708","https://openalex.org/W1490122681","https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1521019969","https://openalex.org/W1578378315","https://openalex.org/W1584467222","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1609438213","https://openalex.org/W1630882384","https://openalex.org/W1652729136","https://openalex.org/W1659411517","https://openalex.org/W1660469899","https://openalex.org/W1675339804","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1820095901","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1852980076","https://openalex.org/W1892323599","https://openalex.org/W1913860614","https://openalex.org/W1919724854","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1963599662","https://openalex.org/W1964428975","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W1966993810","https://openalex.org/W1969852918","https://openalex.org/W1970907681","https://openalex.org/W1971501969","https://openalex.org/W1976281637","https://openalex.org/W1977028487","https://openalex.org/W1979889974","https://openalex.org/W1980122784","https://openalex.org/W1983495433","https://openalex.org/W1988597699","https://openalex.org/W1989239481","https://openalex.org/W1993393430","https://openalex.org/W2000081525","https://openalex.org/W2003921219","https://openalex.org/W2004022907","https://openalex.org/W2005360016","https://openalex.org/W2009015443","https://openalex.org/W2010990848","https://openalex.org/W2012630390","https://openalex.org/W2013609016","https://openalex.org/W2014635264","https://openalex.org/W2020427978","https://openalex.org/W2024922353","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2027812806","https://openalex.org/W2028880308","https://openalex.org/W2030237556","https://openalex.org/W2030303761","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2034014085","https://openalex.org/W2039616974","https://openalex.org/W2041861657","https://openalex.org/W2046286451","https://openalex.org/W2051396567","https://openalex.org/W2052294358","https://openalex.org/W2053437444","https://openalex.org/W2055860749","https://openalex.org/W2057047227","https://openalex.org/W2058256495","https://openalex.org/W2062120704","https://openalex.org/W2062646258","https://openalex.org/W2064297027","https://openalex.org/W2065223707","https://openalex.org/W2065809024","https://openalex.org/W2069165391","https://openalex.org/W2070733479","https://openalex.org/W2078923665","https://openalex.org/W2083192529","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2093639932","https://openalex.org/W2096870293","https://openalex.org/W2098589680","https://openalex.org/W2098597588","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100981825","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2103560185","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2103958416","https://openalex.org/W2103966011","https://openalex.org/W2104779640","https://openalex.org/W2106188494","https://openalex.org/W2107025201","https://openalex.org/W2108880818","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2110132168","https://openalex.org/W2110868467","https://openalex.org/W2112941959","https://openalex.org/W2113474134","https://openalex.org/W2116907524","https://openalex.org/W2117080770","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2122505236","https://openalex.org/W2124735649","https://openalex.org/W2127146043","https://openalex.org/W2128354257","https://openalex.org/W2128793054","https://openalex.org/W2129905915","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2134167315","https://openalex.org/W2136114025","https://openalex.org/W2136406855","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140141608","https://openalex.org/W2142047310","https://openalex.org/W2146264707","https://openalex.org/W2146909259","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2150393499","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2152833285","https://openalex.org/W2153132888","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2156131479","https://openalex.org/W2157920973","https://openalex.org/W2159024459","https://openalex.org/W2160126058","https://openalex.org/W2161634108","https://openalex.org/W2164623278","https://openalex.org/W2165335818","https://openalex.org/W2178366741","https://openalex.org/W2207602751","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2291851889","https://openalex.org/W2294317538","https://openalex.org/W2296433216","https://openalex.org/W2317686782","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2339927096","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2414927838","https://openalex.org/W2416918403","https://openalex.org/W2467604901","https://openalex.org/W2480709345","https://openalex.org/W2482993784","https://openalex.org/W2516089573","https://openalex.org/W2519465344","https://openalex.org/W2520433280","https://openalex.org/W2535446614","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2543901007","https://openalex.org/W2556591076","https://openalex.org/W2564435712","https://openalex.org/W2585842279","https://openalex.org/W2588556599","https://openalex.org/W2592232824","https://openalex.org/W2593367875","https://openalex.org/W2604117174","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2610200611","https://openalex.org/W2619649711","https://openalex.org/W2622255369","https://openalex.org/W2623587395","https://openalex.org/W2735295311","https://openalex.org/W2735334413","https://openalex.org/W2736125956","https://openalex.org/W2736633948","https://openalex.org/W2737721253","https://openalex.org/W2738655017","https://openalex.org/W2739601030","https://openalex.org/W2741327137","https://openalex.org/W2741333573","https://openalex.org/W2744999500","https://openalex.org/W2747565731","https://openalex.org/W2758907412","https://openalex.org/W2765384636","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2769823506","https://openalex.org/W2773773675","https://openalex.org/W2773907782","https://openalex.org/W2775806217","https://openalex.org/W2783131052","https://openalex.org/W2785433232","https://openalex.org/W2785486371","https://openalex.org/W2787133181","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2789205387","https://openalex.org/W2791645661","https://openalex.org/W2792618836","https://openalex.org/W2794977121","https://openalex.org/W2797132229","https://openalex.org/W2879216670","https://openalex.org/W2884827599","https://openalex.org/W2884985453","https://openalex.org/W2885332456","https://openalex.org/W2886610278","https://openalex.org/W2896466324","https://openalex.org/W2896883186","https://openalex.org/W2898685961","https://openalex.org/W2903164930","https://openalex.org/W2910325556","https://openalex.org/W2911752833","https://openalex.org/W2911978475","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2913150120","https://openalex.org/W2914620083","https://openalex.org/W2916709699","https://openalex.org/W2916903408","https://openalex.org/W2920684706","https://openalex.org/W2941039078","https://openalex.org/W2947709300","https://openalex.org/W2950239670","https://openalex.org/W2953920664","https://openalex.org/W2954211634","https://openalex.org/W2955783194","https://openalex.org/W2962712356","https://openalex.org/W2963001136","https://openalex.org/W2963257145","https://openalex.org/W2963278610","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2963703396","https://openalex.org/W2963801501","https://openalex.org/W2963952467","https://openalex.org/W2963979376","https://openalex.org/W2964358301","https://openalex.org/W2966295182","https://openalex.org/W2969069666","https://openalex.org/W2969409962","https://openalex.org/W2970534682","https://openalex.org/W2977362526","https://openalex.org/W2978287271","https://openalex.org/W2979483133","https://openalex.org/W2982340830","https://openalex.org/W2983530974","https://openalex.org/W2989927691","https://openalex.org/W2997170888","https://openalex.org/W3005260261","https://openalex.org/W3005797878","https://openalex.org/W3006613946","https://openalex.org/W3008089293","https://openalex.org/W3010093963","https://openalex.org/W3018192643","https://openalex.org/W3021400135","https://openalex.org/W3021840842","https://openalex.org/W3024684616","https://openalex.org/W3027968894","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3035211587","https://openalex.org/W3041755098","https://openalex.org/W3048511172","https://openalex.org/W3087732768","https://openalex.org/W3090855069","https://openalex.org/W3093325368","https://openalex.org/W3093439264","https://openalex.org/W3097003645","https://openalex.org/W3103008424","https://openalex.org/W3103977047","https://openalex.org/W3120048558","https://openalex.org/W3120660402","https://openalex.org/W3120764656","https://openalex.org/W3123012225","https://openalex.org/W3123734523","https://openalex.org/W3123972088","https://openalex.org/W3127018026","https://openalex.org/W3128517670","https://openalex.org/W3128522081","https://openalex.org/W3134210339","https://openalex.org/W3138898594","https://openalex.org/W3139538618","https://openalex.org/W3141353839","https://openalex.org/W3148281606","https://openalex.org/W3162758246","https://openalex.org/W3207137622","https://openalex.org/W4205228770","https://openalex.org/W4212990735","https://openalex.org/W4233065845","https://openalex.org/W4244201901","https://openalex.org/W4247982418","https://openalex.org/W4288345394","https://openalex.org/W4295331127","https://openalex.org/W4297750480","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6600983433","https://openalex.org/W6623902474","https://openalex.org/W6627336656","https://openalex.org/W6629194106","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6636603358","https://openalex.org/W6636970507","https://openalex.org/W6640067882","https://openalex.org/W6643019580","https://openalex.org/W6680591342","https://openalex.org/W6681745806","https://openalex.org/W6682717621","https://openalex.org/W6687528429","https://openalex.org/W6720208624","https://openalex.org/W6731220575","https://openalex.org/W6734593638","https://openalex.org/W6738540877","https://openalex.org/W6745272055","https://openalex.org/W6745940941","https://openalex.org/W6748356320","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6748852059","https://openalex.org/W6750751420","https://openalex.org/W6753494221","https://openalex.org/W6753599364","https://openalex.org/W6761470389","https://openalex.org/W6761818454","https://openalex.org/W6765592315","https://openalex.org/W6766884328","https://openalex.org/W6769038477","https://openalex.org/W6770365982","https://openalex.org/W6776892774","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6780359151","https://openalex.org/W6780996983","https://openalex.org/W6783984896","https://openalex.org/W6784479233","https://openalex.org/W6784813393","https://openalex.org/W6788768206","https://openalex.org/W6790372538","https://openalex.org/W6792068236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3086983552","https://openalex.org/W2536516098","https://openalex.org/W2098137806","https://openalex.org/W1580270306","https://openalex.org/W2085521460","https://openalex.org/W4323656923","https://openalex.org/W4234042293","https://openalex.org/W199584443","https://openalex.org/W2187378813","https://openalex.org/W2066233729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Biometric":[0,187],"recognition":[1,66,119],"technology":[2,120],"has":[3,26,59,70],"made":[4],"significant":[5],"advances":[6],"over":[7],"the":[8,37,41,45,73,115,178,238],"last":[9],"decade":[10],"and":[11,20,32,53,75,93,103,145,157,182,225,227],"is":[12,76,168],"now":[13,77],"used":[14,218],"across":[15],"a":[16,83,130,171],"number":[17],"of":[18,40,107,117,132,164,180,203],"services":[19],"applications.":[21],"However,":[22],"this":[23,165,197],"widespread":[24],"deployment":[25],"also":[27],"resulted":[28,128],"in":[29,68,72,121,129,154,177,237],"privacy":[30,63,109,139,155],"concerns":[31,61],"evolving":[33],"societal":[34],"expectations":[35],"about":[36,62],"appropriate":[38],"use":[39],"technology.":[42],"For":[43],"example,":[44],"ability":[46],"to":[47,86,91,110,169,192,234],"automatically":[48],"extract":[49],"age,":[50],"gender,":[51],"race,":[52],"health":[54],"cues":[55],"from":[56,142],"biometric":[57,143],"data":[58],"heightened":[60],"leakage.":[64],"Face":[65],"technology,":[67],"particular,":[69],"been":[71],"spotlight,":[74],"seen":[78],"by":[79],"many":[80],"as":[81,160,201,206,213],"posing":[82],"considerable":[84],"risk":[85],"personal":[87],"privacy.":[88],"In":[89],"response":[90],"these":[92],"similar":[94],"concerns,":[95],"researchers":[96],"have":[97,127,233],"intensified":[98],"efforts":[99,126],"towards":[100],"developing":[101],"techniques":[102,134],"computational":[104],"models":[105],"capable":[106],"ensuring":[108],"individuals,":[111],"while":[112],"still":[113],"facilitating":[114],"utility":[116],"face":[118,193],"several":[122,208],"application":[123],"scenarios.":[124],"These":[125],"multitude":[131],"privacy-enhancing":[133],"that":[135,231],"aim":[136],"at":[137],"addressing":[138],"risks":[140],"originating":[141],"systems":[144],"providing":[146],"technological":[147],"solutions":[148],"for":[149,200],"legislative":[150],"requirements":[151],"set":[152],"forth":[153],"laws":[156],"regulations,":[158],"such":[159],"GDPR.":[161],"The":[162],"goal":[163],"overview":[166],"paper":[167],"provide":[170],"comprehensive":[172],"introduction":[173],"into":[174],"privacy-related":[175],"research":[176],"area":[179],"biometrics":[181],"review":[183],"existing":[184,221],"work":[185,198],"on":[186],"Privacy-Enhancing":[188],"Techniques":[189],"(B-PETs)":[190],"applied":[191],"biometrics.":[194],"To":[195],"make":[196],"useful":[199],"wide":[202],"an":[204],"audience":[205],"possible,":[207],"key":[209],"topics":[210],"are":[211],"covered":[212],"well,":[214],"including":[215],"evaluation":[216],"strategies":[217],"with":[219],"B-PETs,":[220],"datasets,":[222],"relevant":[223],"standards,":[224],"regulations":[226],"critical":[228],"open":[229],"issues":[230],"will":[232],"be":[235],"addressed":[236],"future.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}