{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167034882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","title":"CASIA-Face-Africa: A Large-Scale African Face Image Database","display_name":"CASIA-Face-Africa: A Large-Scale African Face Image Database","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167034882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","mag":"3167034882"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040147826","display_name":"Jawad Muhammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2547-5267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Muhammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2547-5267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398969","display_name":"Yunlong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-308X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-308X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013785510","display_name":"Caiyong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-3904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62853816","display_name":"Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj0p855","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caiyong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China","Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing for Building Big Data, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-3904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62853816"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Processing for Building Big Data, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079579315","display_name":"Kunbo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4826-6831"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunbo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4826-6831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055505703","display_name":"Zhenan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-9935"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-9935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Center for Research on Intelligent Perception and Computing, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2594,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89063464,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"3634","last_page":"3646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7787280082702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7027438282966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.697486162185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6488378047943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6322721838951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.6145821809768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.5815486311912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5243542194366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/three-dimensional-face-recognition","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","score":0.5008084774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.49982213973999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4715321660041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.451327919960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4468671381473541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-class-detection","display_name":"Object-class detection","score":0.41520124673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09658753871917725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7787280082702637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7027438282966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.697486162185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6488378047943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6322721838951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.6145821809768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5815486311912537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5243542194366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88799230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3398329","display_name":"Three-dimensional face recognition","level":5,"score":0.5008084774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.49982213973999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4715321660041809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.451327919960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4468671381473541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71681937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object-class detection","level":5,"score":0.41520124673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09658753871917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3080496","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6346901286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62006225","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7567883333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC0821602","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8525382974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1836217","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1509966554","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1965804146","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2084652052","https://openalex.org/W2086781126","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2096027770","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2118664399","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2161775025","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2239713524","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2404498690","https://openalex.org/W2515770085","https://openalex.org/W2524441125","https://openalex.org/W2550061716","https://openalex.org/W2592335154","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2663800299","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2794857359","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2912376035","https://openalex.org/W2912990735","https://openalex.org/W2928736629","https://openalex.org/W2940677637","https://openalex.org/W2953816217","https://openalex.org/W2960178077","https://openalex.org/W2962766044","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963307811","https://openalex.org/W2963460857","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963671154","https://openalex.org/W2963839617","https://openalex.org/W2963857251","https://openalex.org/W2964261768","https://openalex.org/W2967013449","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2979292852","https://openalex.org/W2979934703","https://openalex.org/W2982232682","https://openalex.org/W2991334938","https://openalex.org/W2997219271","https://openalex.org/W3004620852","https://openalex.org/W3009247505","https://openalex.org/W3010093963","https://openalex.org/W3012546716","https://openalex.org/W3034256900","https://openalex.org/W3035232573","https://openalex.org/W3035447285","https://openalex.org/W3048511172","https://openalex.org/W3083589295","https://openalex.org/W3089745382","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W4225684448","https://openalex.org/W4241598541","https://openalex.org/W4246904949","https://openalex.org/W4249379752","https://openalex.org/W4288376480","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297849620","https://openalex.org/W6630649318","https://openalex.org/W6638046521","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6761182108","https://openalex.org/W6766731664","https://openalex.org/W6770907093","https://openalex.org/W6771558885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206923589","https://openalex.org/W3014491775","https://openalex.org/W2145462227","https://openalex.org/W74006108","https://openalex.org/W4360994936","https://openalex.org/W3034828634","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W4200005109","https://openalex.org/W2740726493","https://openalex.org/W2940708481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"recognition":[1,31,38,159],"is":[2,64,132],"a":[3,84,182],"popular":[4],"and":[5,113,152,178,203],"well-studied":[6],"area":[7],"with":[8,135,171],"wide":[9],"applications":[10],"in":[11,23,61,70,129],"our":[12,222],"society.":[13],"However,":[14],"racial":[15,73],"bias":[16,74],"had":[17],"been":[18],"proven":[19],"to":[20,102,147,185],"be":[21,219],"inherent":[22],"most":[24],"State":[25],"Of":[26],"The":[27,154,167,216],"Art":[28],"(SOTA)":[29],"face":[30,37,58,77,85,105,127,158,173,191,197,200,212],"systems.":[32],"Many":[33],"investigative":[34],"studies":[35],"on":[36],"algorithms":[39,160],"have":[40],"reported":[41,164],"higher":[42],"false":[43],"positive":[44],"rates":[45],"of":[46,55,66,76,94,116,141,156,190],"African":[47,57,96,194],"subjects":[48,118],"cohorts":[49],"than":[50],"the":[51,67,72,104,117,130,187],"other":[52],"cohorts.":[53],"Lack":[54],"large-scale":[56],"image":[59,86,128,198,213],"databases":[60],"public":[62],"domain":[63],"one":[65],"main":[68],"restrictions":[69],"studying":[71],"problem":[75],"recognition.":[78],"To":[79],"this":[80],"end,":[81],"we":[82],"collect":[83],"database":[87,131,169,217],"namely":[88],"CASIA-Face-Africa":[89],"which":[90],"contains":[91],"38,546":[92],"images":[93,106],"1,183":[95],"subjects.":[97],"Multi-spectral":[98],"cameras":[99],"are":[100,119,144,163],"utilized":[101],"capture":[103],"under":[107],"various":[108],"illumination":[109],"settings.":[110],"Demographic":[111],"attributes":[112],"facial":[114,137,205],"expressions":[115],"also":[120],"carefully":[121],"recorded.":[122],"For":[123],"landmark":[124,174],"detection,":[125],"each":[126],"manually":[133],"labeled":[134],"68":[136],"keypoints.":[138],"A":[139],"group":[140],"evaluation":[142,176],"protocols":[143,177],"constructed":[145],"according":[146],"different":[148],"applications,":[149],"tasks,":[150],"partitions":[151],"scenarios.":[153],"performances":[155],"SOTA":[157],"without":[161],"re-training":[162],"as":[165],"baselines.":[166],"proposed":[168],"along":[170],"its":[172],"annotations,":[175],"preliminary":[179],"results":[180],"form":[181],"good":[183],"benchmark":[184],"study":[186],"essential":[188],"aspects":[189],"biometrics":[192],"for":[193],"subjects,":[195],"especially":[196],"preprocessing,":[199],"feature":[201],"analysis":[202],"matching,":[204],"expression":[206],"recognition,":[207],"sex/age":[208],"estimation,":[209],"ethnic":[210],"classification,":[211],"generation,":[214],"etc.":[215],"can":[218],"downloaded":[220],"from":[221],"website.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
