{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127329908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Physical-Layer Authentication for Controller Area Networks","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Physical-Layer Authentication for Controller Area Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127329908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","mag":"3127329908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068976123","display_name":"Liang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-611X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-611X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091024726","display_name":"Xiaozhen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-0353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062819916","display_name":"Tangwei Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191208505","display_name":"Xiamen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mcjh785","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tangwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191208505"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061723765","display_name":"Weihua Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-511X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-511X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027155270","display_name":"Huaiyu Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0078-4891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaiyu Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0078-4891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7971,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96770874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"2535","last_page":"2547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9775000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.876868486404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6998777389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6403990983963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.555957019329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.4461968243122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3823776841163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3438536524772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12153273820877075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.876868486404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6998777389526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6403990983963013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.555957019329071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4461968243122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3823776841163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3438536524772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12153273820877075}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2021.3056206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2874061861","display_name":"\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u667a\u80fd\u6297\u5e72\u6270\u901a\u4fe1\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6389320175","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61731012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87635799","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W2050987508","https://openalex.org/W2063867591","https://openalex.org/W2072705087","https://openalex.org/W2072724180","https://openalex.org/W2072951587","https://openalex.org/W2105714535","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2152570627","https://openalex.org/W2169976759","https://openalex.org/W2296701710","https://openalex.org/W2325060691","https://openalex.org/W2342878105","https://openalex.org/W2344173564","https://openalex.org/W2464037380","https://openalex.org/W2536935267","https://openalex.org/W2604623014","https://openalex.org/W2605615119","https://openalex.org/W2743604323","https://openalex.org/W2750755533","https://openalex.org/W2752558064","https://openalex.org/W2759891682","https://openalex.org/W2790556489","https://openalex.org/W2790772609","https://openalex.org/W2792503273","https://openalex.org/W2802168610","https://openalex.org/W2884890985","https://openalex.org/W2890419336","https://openalex.org/W2891250288","https://openalex.org/W2928675906","https://openalex.org/W2962011393","https://openalex.org/W2962253129","https://openalex.org/W2963049774","https://openalex.org/W2963262099","https://openalex.org/W2963804058","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2989869976","https://openalex.org/W2997711900","https://openalex.org/W2998500054","https://openalex.org/W3001072634","https://openalex.org/W3020340794","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4234297325","https://openalex.org/W6603557143","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6648653525","https://openalex.org/W6703271639","https://openalex.org/W6719536112","https://openalex.org/W6752725515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387799680","https://openalex.org/W2034419863","https://openalex.org/W2296396257","https://openalex.org/W3007106793","https://openalex.org/W2132505069","https://openalex.org/W2054202867","https://openalex.org/W1965515427","https://openalex.org/W2116285675","https://openalex.org/W2109882692","https://openalex.org/W2547137208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,25],"controller":[1],"area":[2],"networks":[3,132],"(CANs),":[4],"electronic":[5],"control":[6],"units":[7],"(ECUs)":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,173],"telematics":[11],"ECUs":[12],"and":[13,47,50,59,66,91,127,139,152,162],"on-board":[14],"diagnostic":[15],"ports":[16],"must":[17],"protect":[18],"the":[19,41,56,63,74,83,88,95,108,112,124,135,143,149,153,159,170],"message":[20,44],"exchange":[21],"from":[22],"spoofing":[23,96],"attacks.":[24],"this":[26,71],"paper,":[27],"we":[28],"propose":[29,100],"a":[30,68,101,119],"CAN":[31,84,113],"bus":[32,85],"authentication":[33,57,79,109,145,171],"framework":[34],"that":[35,164],"exploits":[36],"physical":[37,144],"layer":[38],"features":[39],"of":[40,78,94],"messages,":[42],"including":[43],"arrival":[45],"intervals":[46],"signal":[48],"voltages,":[49],"applies":[51,118],"reinforcement":[52],"learning":[53,103,116],"to":[54,105,122,133,140],"choose":[55],"mode":[58],"parameter.":[60],"By":[61],"applying":[62],"Dyna":[64],"architecture":[65],"using":[67],"double":[69],"estimator,":[70],"scheme":[72,117],"improves":[73],"utility":[75],"in":[76],"terms":[77],"accuracy":[80,172],"without":[81],"changing":[82],"protocol":[86],"or":[87],"ECU":[89],"components":[90],"requiring":[92],"knowledge":[93],"model.":[97],"We":[98,147],"also":[99],"deep":[102,130],"version":[104],"further":[106],"improve":[107,169],"efficiency":[110],"for":[111],"bus.":[114],"The":[115],"hierarchical":[120],"structure":[121],"reduce":[123],"exploration":[125],"time,":[126],"uses":[128],"two":[129],"neural":[131],"compress":[134],"high-dimensional":[136],"state":[137],"space":[138],"fully":[141],"exploit":[142],"experiences.":[146],"provide":[148],"computational":[150],"complexity":[151],"performance":[154],"analysis.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157],"verify":[158],"theoretical":[160],"analysis":[161],"show":[163],"our":[165],"proposed":[166],"schemes":[167],"significantly":[168],"compared":[174],"with":[175],"benchmark":[176],"schemes.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
