{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979191315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","title":"Puncturable Signatures and Applications in Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols","display_name":"Puncturable Signatures and Applications in Proof-of-Stake Blockchain Protocols","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979191315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","mag":"2979191315"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406122","display_name":"Xinyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2563-7529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103157860","display_name":"Jing Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0432-6206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["JDD-NJIT-ISCAS Joint Blockchain Lab, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JDD-NJIT-ISCAS Joint Blockchain Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035320534","display_name":"Xiong Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-0794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Compute Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Compute Science, University of Maryland, College Park, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115594572","display_name":"Yuchen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6744-1537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100731774","display_name":"Zhenfeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0557-5730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenfeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["JDD-NJIT-ISCAS Joint Blockchain Lab, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JDD-NJIT-ISCAS Joint Blockchain Lab, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCA Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100406122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88095346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8442108631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6997637748718262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6600812077522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5723479390144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provable-security","display_name":"Provable security","score":0.5357751846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.5093961358070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bloom-filter","display_name":"Bloom filter","score":0.5038134455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/puncturing","display_name":"Puncturing","score":0.48662862181663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4004260301589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.3179408311843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30094218254089355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8442108631134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6997637748718262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6600812077522278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5723479390144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131672422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852594","display_name":"Provable security","level":3,"score":0.5357751846313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.5093961358070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147224247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q885373","display_name":"Bloom filter","level":2,"score":0.5038134455680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778808095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3899825","display_name":"Puncturing","level":2,"score":0.48662862181663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4004260301589966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3179408311843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30094218254089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.3001738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G371162544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572485, 61802021 and 61802376","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5488085843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0802500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498063506","https://openalex.org/W1554247779","https://openalex.org/W1578016087","https://openalex.org/W1579435243","https://openalex.org/W1588301088","https://openalex.org/W1832688593","https://openalex.org/W2011550196","https://openalex.org/W2054904172","https://openalex.org/W2063544484","https://openalex.org/W2068441569","https://openalex.org/W2112914778","https://openalex.org/W2117056197","https://openalex.org/W2117797270","https://openalex.org/W2121268819","https://openalex.org/W2123845384","https://openalex.org/W2130871907","https://openalex.org/W2138889053","https://openalex.org/W2169194339","https://openalex.org/W2187618957","https://openalex.org/W2253201751","https://openalex.org/W2408417311","https://openalex.org/W2470451304","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2754620430","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2768714820","https://openalex.org/W2790485266","https://openalex.org/W2794780961","https://openalex.org/W2794987877","https://openalex.org/W2794998188","https://openalex.org/W2795222609","https://openalex.org/W2889627320","https://openalex.org/W2916931547","https://openalex.org/W4243961364","https://openalex.org/W4246092823","https://openalex.org/W6634806169","https://openalex.org/W6713961486","https://openalex.org/W6864400955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W3045553430","https://openalex.org/W2023742978","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W298790751","https://openalex.org/W2151271150","https://openalex.org/W2124806598","https://openalex.org/W2950166624","https://openalex.org/W3146287255","https://openalex.org/W4386732777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof-of-stake":[0],"blockchain":[1,76,176],"protocols":[2,177],"are":[3,88,179],"becoming":[4],"one":[5,17],"of":[6,64,82,103,158,163],"the":[7,12,22,26,60,83,111,121,139,164,186,208],"most":[8],"promising":[9],"alternatives":[10],"to":[11,42,72,78,172,181,191],"energy-consuming":[13],"proof-of-work":[14],"protocols.":[15],"However,":[16],"particularly":[18],"critical":[19],"threat":[20],"in":[21,110,205],"PoS":[23],"setting":[24],"is":[25,153,189],"well-known":[27],"long-range":[28],"attacks":[29],"caused":[30],"by":[31],"secret":[32],"key":[33,225],"leakage":[34],"(LRSL":[35],"attack).":[36],"Specifically,":[37],"an":[38,100],"adversary":[39,122],"can":[40],"attempt":[41],"control/compromise":[43],"accounts":[44],"possessing":[45],"substantial":[46],"stake":[47],"at":[48],"some":[49],"past":[50,57],"moment":[51],"such":[52],"that":[53,85,119,178,204],"double-spend":[54],"or":[55],"erase":[56],"transactions,":[58],"violating":[59],"fundamental":[61],"persistence":[62],"property":[63],"blockchain.":[65,113],"Puncturable":[66],"signatures":[67,105,171],"provide":[68,99,200],"a":[69,116,131,155],"satisfying":[70],"solution":[71],"construct":[73,173],"practical":[74,93,174],"proof-of-stake":[75,112,175],"resilient":[77,180],"LRSL":[79,182],"attack,":[80,183],"despite":[81],"fact":[84],"existent":[86],"constructions":[87],"not":[89],"efficient":[90,134],"enough":[91],"for":[92,123,154],"deployments.":[94],"In":[95],"this":[96,193],"paper,":[97],"we":[98,151,168],"in-depth":[101],"study":[102],"puncturable":[104,170],"and":[106,126,129,144,199,220],"explore":[107],"its":[108],"applications":[109],"We":[114,195],"formalize":[115],"security":[117],"model":[118],"allows":[120],"adaptive":[124],"signing":[125,219],"puncturing":[127,135,149],"queries,":[128],"show":[130],"construction":[132,212],"with":[133,207],"operations":[136],"based":[137],"on":[138,216,224],"Bloom":[140],"filter":[141],"data":[142],"structure":[143],"strong":[145],"Diffie-Hellman":[146],"assumption.":[147],"The":[148],"functionality":[150],"desire":[152],"particular":[156],"part":[157],"message,":[159],"like":[160],"prefix,":[161],"instead":[162],"whole":[165],"message.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"use":[169],"while":[184],"previously":[185],"forward-secure":[187,209],"signature":[188,217],"used":[190],"immunize":[192],"attack.":[194],"implement":[196],"our":[197,211],"scheme":[198],"experimental":[201],"results":[202],"showing":[203],"comparison":[206],"signature,":[210],"performs":[213],"substantially":[214],"better":[215],"size,":[218],"verification":[221],"efficiency,":[222],"significantly":[223],"update":[226],"efficiency.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
