{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923351305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","title":"Fixed Region Beamforming Using Frequency Diverse Subarray for Secure mmWave Wireless Communications","display_name":"Fixed Region Beamforming Using Frequency Diverse Subarray for Secure mmWave Wireless Communications","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923351305","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","mag":"2923351305"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717145","display_name":"Yuanquan Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-6450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130751423","display_name":"Shaoguan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0286g6711","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanquan Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","School of Intelligent Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-6450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130751423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027047483","display_name":"Xiaojun Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-4364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004355908","display_name":"Hui Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-2445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-2445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059053033","display_name":"Yuan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-8515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139618","display_name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/030qbr085","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-8515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service (BUPT), Ministry of Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87275917,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"2706","last_page":"2721"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.9613072872161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8523041605949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7592087984085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5712317824363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.551911473274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5401858687400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.5094583630561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4362064003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36305123567581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3304041028022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2945983409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.19939202070236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13644728064537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12237298488616943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.9613072872161865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8523041605949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7592087984085083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5712317824363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.551911473274231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5401858687400818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5094583630561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4362064003944397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36305123567581177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3304041028022766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2945983409881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.19939202070236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13644728064537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12237298488616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2969576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1811992443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2747697957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901049","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5852264781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61790553","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6595306388","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SZ2016KJ08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324100","funder_display_name":"Shaoguan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324100","display_name":"Shaoguan University","ror":"https://ror.org/0286g6711"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17407774","https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W1515073954","https://openalex.org/W1540764732","https://openalex.org/W1957358593","https://openalex.org/W1970830346","https://openalex.org/W1979987252","https://openalex.org/W1986735094","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2003599162","https://openalex.org/W2032278718","https://openalex.org/W2050968963","https://openalex.org/W2064622432","https://openalex.org/W2073638095","https://openalex.org/W2074101534","https://openalex.org/W2081035264","https://openalex.org/W2089669201","https://openalex.org/W2096236228","https://openalex.org/W2100755644","https://openalex.org/W2103063389","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2111142067","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2119012490","https://openalex.org/W2134482705","https://openalex.org/W2142143226","https://openalex.org/W2160709449","https://openalex.org/W2291219635","https://openalex.org/W2310394657","https://openalex.org/W2527140341","https://openalex.org/W2531931725","https://openalex.org/W2549326866","https://openalex.org/W2558778358","https://openalex.org/W2582397149","https://openalex.org/W2587003613","https://openalex.org/W2730812490","https://openalex.org/W2742573071","https://openalex.org/W2755486826","https://openalex.org/W2765561517","https://openalex.org/W2766792752","https://openalex.org/W2795729672","https://openalex.org/W2796232063","https://openalex.org/W2796642176","https://openalex.org/W2797097527","https://openalex.org/W2800252416","https://openalex.org/W2830873201","https://openalex.org/W2897163310","https://openalex.org/W2911529145","https://openalex.org/W2946686343","https://openalex.org/W2952350176","https://openalex.org/W2962911767","https://openalex.org/W2964005434","https://openalex.org/W2964113506","https://openalex.org/W2995759687","https://openalex.org/W3105108969","https://openalex.org/W3105289681","https://openalex.org/W3144723597"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3026705917","https://openalex.org/W2516026999","https://openalex.org/W2155410265","https://openalex.org/W3166880716","https://openalex.org/W3121990887","https://openalex.org/W2959329152","https://openalex.org/W2769689807","https://openalex.org/W1540514160","https://openalex.org/W4287162110","https://openalex.org/W2904430835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Millimeter-wave":[0],"(mmWave)":[1],"using":[2,218],"conventional":[3],"phased":[4],"array":[5],"(CPA)":[6],"enables":[7],"highly":[8],"directional":[9],"and":[10,46,133],"fixed":[11,60],"angular":[12,23],"beamforming":[13,62],"(FAB),":[14],"therefore":[15],"enhancing":[16],"physical":[17],"layer":[18],"security":[19],"(PLS)":[20],"in":[21,31,111,197,230],"the":[22,27,32,36,39,74,106,115,122,141,153,166,171,174,178,194,198,212,219,222,231,234,240,252,258,268],"domain.":[24],"However,":[25],"as":[26],"eavesdropper":[28],"is":[29,44,190],"located":[30],"direction":[33],"pointed":[34],"by":[35,64],"mainlobe":[37],"of":[38,114,137,144,170,224],"information-carrying":[40],"beam,":[41],"information":[42,102,143,249],"leakage":[43],"inevitable":[45],"FAB":[47],"cannot":[48],"guarantee":[49],"PLS":[50,75,265],"performance.":[51],"To":[52],"address":[53],"this":[54],"threat,":[55],"we":[56,82,120,158,202],"propose":[57,159,203],"a":[58,66,94,100,160,183],"novel":[59],"region":[61,109],"(FRB)":[63],"employing":[65],"frequency":[67,86],"diverse":[68],"subarray":[69,131,206],"(FDSA)":[70],"architecture":[71],"to":[72,92,149,164,192,209],"enhance":[73],"performance":[76,266],"for":[77,177],"mmWave":[78],"communications.":[79],"In":[80],"particular,":[81],"carefully":[83],"introduce":[84],"multiple":[85],"offset":[87],"increments":[88],"(FOIs)":[89],"across":[90],"subarrays":[91,226],"achieve":[93],"sophisticated":[95],"beampattern":[96,172],"synthesis":[97],"that":[98,257],"ensures":[99],"confined":[101],"transmission":[103,250],"only":[104],"within":[105,251],"desired":[107],"angle-range":[108],"(DARR)":[110],"close":[112],"vicinity":[113],"target":[116],"user.":[117],"More":[118],"specifically,":[119],"formulate":[121],"secrecy":[123],"rate":[124],"maximization":[125],"problem":[126],"with":[127],"FRB":[128,243,261],"over":[129,267],"possible":[130],"FOIs,":[132],"consider":[134],"two":[135],"cases":[136],"interests,":[138],"i.e.,":[139],"without/with":[140],"location":[142,156,181],"eavesdropping,":[145],"both":[146],"turn":[147],"out":[148],"be":[150],"NP-hard.":[151],"For":[152],"unknown":[154],"eavesdropping":[155,180,199],"case,":[157,182],"seeker":[161],"optimization":[162],"algorithm":[163,189],"minimize":[165,193],"maximum":[167],"sidelobe":[168,195],"peak":[169],"outside":[173,239],"DARR.":[175,241,253],"As":[176],"known":[179],"block":[184],"coordinate":[185],"descend":[186],"linear":[187],"approximation":[188],"proposed":[191,220,259],"level":[196],"region.":[200],"Moreover,":[201],"an":[204],"inverted":[205],"subset":[207],"technique":[208],"further":[210],"randomize":[211],"sidelobes":[213,235],"against":[214],"sensitive":[215],"eavesdropping.":[216],"By":[217],"FRB,":[221],"mainlobes":[223],"all":[225],"are":[227,236],"constructively":[228],"superimposed":[229],"DARR":[232],"while":[233],"destructively":[237],"overlayed":[238],"Therefore,":[242],"exhibits":[244],"prominent":[245],"effect":[246],"on":[247],"confining":[248],"Numerical":[254],"simulations":[255],"demonstrate":[256],"FDSA-based":[260],"can":[262],"provide":[263],"superior":[264],"CPA-based":[269],"FAB.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}