{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002189921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","title":"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Feed-Forward XOR Physical Unclonable Functions","display_name":"Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Feed-Forward XOR Physical Unclonable Functions","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002189921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","mag":"3002189921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063769369","display_name":"Sandeep Avvaru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-8404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. V. Sandeep Avvaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5174-8404","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022067893","display_name":"Ziqing Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6981-2299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqing Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007884053","display_name":"Keshab K. Parhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6543-2793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keshab K. Parhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6543-2793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063769369"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.0217,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99252784,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"2485","last_page":"2498"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbiter","display_name":"Arbiter","score":0.8688742518424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7370132207870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.5202056765556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5026168823242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.48769649863243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.47540482878685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4544324278831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.42060887813568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4198479652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3308407962322235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24056702852249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08957326412200928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779971761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629872","display_name":"Arbiter","level":2,"score":0.8688742518424988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7370132207870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.5202056765556335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5026168823242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.48769649863243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.47540482878685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4544324278831482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42060887813568115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4198479652404785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3308407962322235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24056702852249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08957326412200928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2020.2968113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42037993","https://openalex.org/W132856916","https://openalex.org/W338742241","https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W1520248614","https://openalex.org/W1553119295","https://openalex.org/W1917333369","https://openalex.org/W1931527840","https://openalex.org/W1971935236","https://openalex.org/W1991993305","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2014299685","https://openalex.org/W2044389004","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2088455835","https://openalex.org/W2092110798","https://openalex.org/W2104401100","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2129004891","https://openalex.org/W2141757723","https://openalex.org/W2143908786","https://openalex.org/W2145858709","https://openalex.org/W2151596496","https://openalex.org/W2151759197","https://openalex.org/W2174648984","https://openalex.org/W2289245055","https://openalex.org/W2294709132","https://openalex.org/W2321234954","https://openalex.org/W2341260337","https://openalex.org/W2346507481","https://openalex.org/W2399463525","https://openalex.org/W2399798860","https://openalex.org/W2430431245","https://openalex.org/W2503423162","https://openalex.org/W2511016676","https://openalex.org/W2534919326","https://openalex.org/W2580259249","https://openalex.org/W2581652768","https://openalex.org/W2625230464","https://openalex.org/W2752832485","https://openalex.org/W2758531636","https://openalex.org/W2760331812","https://openalex.org/W2767905988","https://openalex.org/W2789412140","https://openalex.org/W2891953071","https://openalex.org/W2896797608","https://openalex.org/W2909319943","https://openalex.org/W2946681730","https://openalex.org/W2953954518","https://openalex.org/W2973493345","https://openalex.org/W2974126162","https://openalex.org/W3014056542","https://openalex.org/W4237236484","https://openalex.org/W4247930231","https://openalex.org/W4249899149","https://openalex.org/W6601790426","https://openalex.org/W6643323797","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6713014172","https://openalex.org/W6728743559","https://openalex.org/W6765207028","https://openalex.org/W6766921301","https://openalex.org/W6775283970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386278306","https://openalex.org/W4211236262","https://openalex.org/W2806684872","https://openalex.org/W3212476763","https://openalex.org/W4375857400","https://openalex.org/W2905275340","https://openalex.org/W2971643716","https://openalex.org/W4281647828","https://openalex.org/W4318970055","https://openalex.org/W1522196186"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"unclonable":[1],"functions":[2],"(PUFs)":[3],"are":[4,9,30,68,104,124,189],"hardware":[5,193],"security":[6],"primitives":[7],"that":[8,130,141,170],"used":[10,175],"for":[11],"device":[12],"authentication":[13],"and":[14,29,64,70,83,100,117,126,168],"cryptographic":[15],"key":[16,86],"generation.":[17],"Standard":[18],"XOR":[19,50,90],"PUFs":[20,26,36,41,51,67,91,116,123,132,144,147,167,198],"typically":[21],"contain":[22],"multiple":[23],"standard":[24,34],"arbiter":[25,35,40,122],"as":[27,93,176],"components,":[28],"more":[31],"secure":[32],"than":[33],"or":[37],"feed-forward":[38,49],"(FF)":[39],"(FF":[42],"PUFs).":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"proposes":[46],"design":[47],"of":[48,74,78,112,165,195],"(FFXOR":[52],"PUFs)":[53],"where":[54],"each":[55],"component":[56],"PUF":[57],"is":[58,128,139],"a":[59],"FF":[60,115],"PUF.":[61],"Various":[62],"homogeneous":[63],"heterogeneous":[65,142],"FFXOR":[66,131,143,146,166,197],"presented":[69],"evaluated":[71],"in":[72,102,114,120],"terms":[73],"four":[75],"fundamental":[76],"properties":[77],"PUFs:":[79],"uniqueness,":[80],"attack-resistance,":[81],"reliability":[82,163,184],"randomness.":[84],"Certain":[85],"issues":[87],"pertaining":[88],"to":[89,96,154,180],"such":[92],"their":[94],"vulnerability":[95],"machine":[97,156],"learning":[98,157],"attacks":[99],"instability":[101],"responses":[103],"investigated.":[105],"Other":[106],"important":[107],"challenges":[108],"like":[109],"the":[110,118,182],"lack":[111],"uniqueness":[113],"asymmetry":[119],"FPGA":[121],"addressed":[125],"it":[127],"shown":[129,140],"can":[133,151,173],"naturally":[134],"overcome":[135,181],"these":[136],"problems.":[137],"It":[138],"(i.e.,":[145],"with":[148],"non-identical":[149],"components)":[150],"be":[152,174],"resilient":[153],"state-of-the-art":[155],"attacks.":[158],"We":[159],"also":[160],"present":[161],"systematic":[162],"analysis":[164],"demonstrate":[169],"soft-response":[171],"thresholding":[172],"an":[177],"effective":[178],"countermeasure":[179],"degraded":[183],"bottleneck.":[185],"Observations":[186],"from":[187],"simulations":[188],"further":[190],"verified":[191],"through":[192],"implementation":[194],"64-bit":[196],"on":[199],"Xilinx":[200],"Artix-7":[201],"FPGA.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
