{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2928794622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","title":"Entropy Estimation for ADC Sampling-Based True Random Number Generators","display_name":"Entropy Estimation for ADC Sampling-Based True Random Number Generators","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2928794622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","mag":"2928794622"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066513378","display_name":"Yuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-6054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-6054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038371895","display_name":"Tianyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-681X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-681X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036002145","display_name":"Jingqiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingqiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007745423","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-6278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-6278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033745290","display_name":"Jiwu Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3409-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126530","display_name":"Data Assurance and Communication Security","ror":"https://ror.org/02z2gfm30","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210126530","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwu Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Assurance and Communication Security Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86223566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2887","last_page":"2900"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.8142393827438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7464808225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6826528906822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.6063138246536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.5372393727302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5077877640724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-estimation","display_name":"Entropy estimation","score":0.49990177154541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.47685301303863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.19619783759117126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18836015462875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.10163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.09719589352607727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.8142393827438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7464808225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6826528906822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6063138246536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5372393727302551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5077877640724182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95546049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345207","display_name":"Entropy estimation","level":3,"score":0.49990177154541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.47685301303863525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.19619783759117126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18836015462875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.10163000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.09719589352607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2908798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1105232234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1130126578","display_name":"\u901a\u7528\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u53f0\u7684\u5bc6\u94a5\u4fdd\u62a4\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61772518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1812057059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFB0800102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5964981224","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6570\u53d1\u751f\u5668\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u8bc4\u4f30\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61872357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8228062498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61602476","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170084955","https://openalex.org/W206649999","https://openalex.org/W236957874","https://openalex.org/W1541097170","https://openalex.org/W1580991036","https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1986536656","https://openalex.org/W1990478559","https://openalex.org/W2009344618","https://openalex.org/W2014905809","https://openalex.org/W2017636475","https://openalex.org/W2057392911","https://openalex.org/W2092798673","https://openalex.org/W2117626487","https://openalex.org/W2120646029","https://openalex.org/W2132979456","https://openalex.org/W2139280266","https://openalex.org/W2170672491","https://openalex.org/W2269973067","https://openalex.org/W2318869941","https://openalex.org/W2392743951","https://openalex.org/W2593663438","https://openalex.org/W2596927731","https://openalex.org/W2731291062","https://openalex.org/W2789864115","https://openalex.org/W3104023655","https://openalex.org/W3140517496","https://openalex.org/W3198310217","https://openalex.org/W4238163445","https://openalex.org/W4247302652","https://openalex.org/W4254369800","https://openalex.org/W6648212474","https://openalex.org/W6654790438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318899699","https://openalex.org/W2167867025","https://openalex.org/W2793953927","https://openalex.org/W2094500238","https://openalex.org/W2951070815","https://openalex.org/W2749872198","https://openalex.org/W2916226795","https://openalex.org/W3098948095","https://openalex.org/W4247817491","https://openalex.org/W4238828768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"True":[0],"random":[1,197],"number":[2],"generators":[3],"(TRNGs)":[4],"are":[5,206,216],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,127,184],"cryptographic":[9,19],"systems,":[10],"and":[11,21,161,189,230],"their":[12],"security":[13,39],"is":[14,32,49,182,193],"the":[15,38,46,68,81,85,88,103,121,128,133,142,146,152,156,171,174,185,190,202,220,233],"base":[16],"of":[17,40,87,123,141,155,167,173,211,244],"many":[18],"algorithms":[20],"protocols.":[22],"At":[23],"present,":[24],"entropy":[25,82,100,122,143,176],"estimation":[26,83,101,144,177],"based":[27],"on":[28,80,84,164],"a":[29,33,41,139,209,241],"stochastic":[30,89],"model":[31,90,118],"well-recommended":[34],"approach":[35],"to":[36,66,71,119,218],"evaluate":[37],"specific":[42],"TRNG":[43,106],"structure.":[44],"Besides,":[45],"generation":[47],"speed":[48,210],"also":[50],"an":[51,59,99,109,116],"important":[52],"property":[53],"for":[54,102,145],"TRNGs.":[55],"For":[56],"this":[57,95,165],"purpose,":[58],"analog-to-digital":[60],"converter":[61],"(ADC)":[62],"can":[63],"be":[64],"employed":[65],"sample":[67,130],"noisy":[69],"signal":[70],"achieve":[72],"high":[73],"bit":[74,126,198,242],"rate.":[75],"However,":[76],"no":[77],"research":[78],"focuses":[79],"basis":[86],"toward":[91],"ADC":[92,104,134,148],"sampling.":[93,135],"In":[94,112],"paper,":[96],"we":[97,114,137,169],"propose":[98,138],"sampling-based":[105],"through":[107],"extending":[108],"existing":[110],"model.":[111],"particular,":[113],"present":[115],"equivalent":[117],"estimate":[120],"any":[124],"single":[125],"converted":[129],"obtained":[131],"by":[132],"Furthermore,":[136],"method":[140],"multi-bit":[147],"output,":[149],"which":[150],"provides":[151],"lower":[153],"bound":[154],"entropy.":[157],"By":[158],"conducting":[159],"simulations":[160],"hardware":[162],"experiments":[163],"type":[166],"TRNG,":[168],"confirm":[170],"correctness":[172],"proposed":[175],"theory.":[178],"The":[179,196,214],"prototype":[180],"chip":[181],"fabricated":[183],"SMIC":[186],"65-nm":[187],"process,":[188],"consumed":[191],"power":[192],"34":[194],"mW.":[195],"sequences":[199,215],"compatible":[200],"with":[201],"AIS":[203],"31":[204],"standard":[205],"generated":[207],"at":[208,240],"132.3":[212],"Mb/s.":[213,247],"able":[217],"pass":[219],"rigorous":[221],"statistical":[222],"test":[223],"suites,":[224],"including":[225],"NIST":[226],"SP":[227],"800-22,":[228],"Diehard,":[229],"TestU01":[231],"(containing":[232],"Big":[234],"Crush":[235],"test),":[236],"after":[237],"simple":[238],"post-processing":[239],"rate":[243],"around":[245],"33":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}