{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2925434687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","title":"Bio-Protocol Watermarking on Digital Microfluidic Biochips","display_name":"Bio-Protocol Watermarking on Digital Microfluidic Biochips","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2925434687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","mag":"2925434687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079791794","display_name":"Mohammed Shayan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5454-1927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Shayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886706","display_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120250893","display_name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","ror":"https://ror.org/00e5k0821","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120250893","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber Security, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120250893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069379694","display_name":"Jack Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3161-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880864","display_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059648257","display_name":"Ramesh Karri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramesh Karri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079791794"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2653,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88344453,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2901","last_page":"2915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10412","display_name":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8846295475959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8059171438217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.773405909538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6746115684509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochip","display_name":"Biochip","score":0.5769942998886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.46939390897750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.377195805311203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2515046000480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15548399090766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.10584497451782227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8846295475959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8059171438217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.773405909538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6746115684509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.5769942998886108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.46939390897750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.377195805311203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2515046000480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15548399090766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.10584497451782227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2907185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154836255","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1833624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5506482982","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1833622","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G923888629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-17-1-0320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97517313","https://openalex.org/W1909235131","https://openalex.org/W1991512670","https://openalex.org/W2018208873","https://openalex.org/W2041672535","https://openalex.org/W2042181447","https://openalex.org/W2062409563","https://openalex.org/W2069693306","https://openalex.org/W2080336548","https://openalex.org/W2086968222","https://openalex.org/W2109311842","https://openalex.org/W2116467012","https://openalex.org/W2120270451","https://openalex.org/W2120562534","https://openalex.org/W2126425628","https://openalex.org/W2145050335","https://openalex.org/W2150068960","https://openalex.org/W2161863487","https://openalex.org/W2168567259","https://openalex.org/W2215720378","https://openalex.org/W2314136438","https://openalex.org/W2511455283","https://openalex.org/W2517695883","https://openalex.org/W2555010610","https://openalex.org/W2580767916","https://openalex.org/W2581266802","https://openalex.org/W2593505220","https://openalex.org/W2594506724","https://openalex.org/W2738687125","https://openalex.org/W2756617740","https://openalex.org/W2760130188","https://openalex.org/W2765682908","https://openalex.org/W2770340443","https://openalex.org/W2787751710","https://openalex.org/W2795698307","https://openalex.org/W2899585792","https://openalex.org/W2946716830","https://openalex.org/W6762739442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advancements":[0],"in":[1,45,62,94,166],"digital":[2],"microfluidic":[3],"biochip":[4],"(DMFB)":[5],"technologies":[6],"are":[7],"paving":[8],"the":[9,20,80,91,125,142,167,187,193,196,203,206,215,222],"way":[10],"for":[11,16,42,57,113,120,141],"low-cost":[12],"and":[13,49,103,124,161,195,221],"automated":[14],"platforms":[15],"implementing":[17],"bio-protocols.":[18,171],"However,":[19],"deployment":[21],"of":[22,25,110,145,150,170,174,184,189,192,198,205,217,224],"DMFBs":[23],"outside":[24],"controlled":[26],"settings":[27],"will":[28],"make":[29],"them":[30],"vulnerable":[31],"to":[32,79],"intellectual":[33],"property":[34],"(IP)":[35],"theft.":[36],"Bio-protocol":[37],"development":[38],"requires":[39],"large":[40],"investments":[41],"cross-domain":[43],"innovations":[44],"biochemical":[46],"analysis,":[47],"microfluidics,":[48],"cyberphysical":[50,126],"systems.":[51],"We":[52,106,200],"propose":[53],"a":[54,66,73,83,146,218],"watermarking":[55,108,119,132,223],"technique":[56],"bio-protocol":[58,115,121],"IP":[59],"protection-a":[60],"first":[61],"microfluidics-that":[63],"hierarchically":[64],"embeds":[65],"secret":[67],"signature":[68,74],"across":[69],"these":[70],"domains.":[71],"Such":[72],"can":[75],"be":[76],"exclusively":[77],"attributed":[78],"owner":[81],"(like":[82],"hash).":[84],"The":[85,148,172],"proposed":[86,140],"solution":[87,152],"takes":[88],"into":[89],"account":[90],"inherent":[92],"variability":[93],"domain-specific":[95],"parameters":[96,123],"such":[97],"as":[98],"mixing":[99,163],"ratio,":[100],"sensor":[101],"calibration,":[102],"incubation":[104],"time.":[105],"describe":[107],"techniques":[109],"varying":[111],"complexities":[112],"different":[114],"steps.":[116],"These":[117],"include":[118],"synthesis":[122],"systems":[127],"control":[128],"path":[129],"parameters.":[130,226],"A":[131],"scheme":[133],"based":[134],"on":[135],"integer":[136],"linear":[137],"programming":[138],"is":[139,153,177],"sample-preparation":[143,168],"step":[144],"bio-protocol.":[147],"practicality":[149],"our":[151],"demonstrated":[154],"through":[155,179],"case":[156],"studies":[157],"involving":[158],"an":[159],"immunoassay":[160],"several":[162],"ratios":[164],"required":[165],"process":[169],"effectiveness":[173],"this":[175],"approach":[176],"evaluated":[178],"various":[180,209],"security":[181],"metrics:":[182],"proof":[183],"ownership":[185],"score,":[186],"probability":[188,197],"successful":[190],"tampering":[191],"watermark,":[194,220],"coincidence.":[199],"also":[201],"analyze":[202],"integrity":[204],"watermark":[207],"against":[208],"possible":[210],"attacks:":[211],"brute":[212],"force":[213],"search,":[214],"insertion":[216],"new":[219],"more":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
