{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909023102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","title":"Characterizing and Evaluating Adversarial Examples for Offline Handwritten Signature Verification","display_name":"Characterizing and Evaluating Adversarial Examples for Offline Handwritten Signature Verification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909023102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","mag":"2909023102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.03398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025564604","display_name":"Luiz G. Hafemann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luiz G. Hafemann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019imagerie, de vision et d\u2019intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","Laboratoire d'imagerie, de vision et d'intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019imagerie, de vision et d\u2019intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d'imagerie, de vision et d'intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026340083","display_name":"Robert Sabourin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-1011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159129438","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/002rjbv21","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I49663120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9736820","display_name":"\u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure","ror":"https://ror.org/0020snb74","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I9736820"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Sabourin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019imagerie, de vision et d\u2019intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","Laboratoire d'imagerie, de vision et d'intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019imagerie, de vision et d\u2019intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d'imagerie, de vision et d'intelligence artificielle, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9736820","https://openalex.org/I159129438"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038884704","display_name":"Luiz S. Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0595-5370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52418104","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/05syd6y78","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz S. Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paran\u00e1, Curitiba, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52418104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025564604"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159129438","https://openalex.org/I9736820"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0666,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93318514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"8","first_page":"2153","last_page":"2166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8563965559005737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6836987733840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6699890494346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5186266303062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4499054551124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.4236133396625519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature-recognition","display_name":"Signature recognition","score":0.4194744825363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.37282490730285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35699662566185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.32512539625167847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8563965559005737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6836987733840942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6699890494346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5186266303062439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4499054551124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.4236133396625519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74370796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15924863","display_name":"Signature recognition","level":3,"score":0.4194744825363159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.37282490730285645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35699662566185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.32512539625167847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2019.2894031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1901.03398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.03398","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.03398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace2.etsmtl.ca:18850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://espace2.etsmtl.ca/id/eprint/18850/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402392","display_name":"Espace \u00c9TS (ETS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1341030882","host_organization_name":"Educational Testing Service","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341030882"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article publi\u00e9 dans une revue, r\u00e9vis\u00e9 par les pairs"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1901.03398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.03398","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.03398","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8819652451","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"206318/2014-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334841","display_name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00b9f9778"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9657784","https://openalex.org/W1589647164","https://openalex.org/W1608718905","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2010664883","https://openalex.org/W2013188364","https://openalex.org/W2048916794","https://openalex.org/W2053219667","https://openalex.org/W2053438338","https://openalex.org/W2063355793","https://openalex.org/W2125908420","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2144906988","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2151298633","https://openalex.org/W2280957996","https://openalex.org/W2293768274","https://openalex.org/W2531540102","https://openalex.org/W2603766943","https://openalex.org/W2614376571","https://openalex.org/W2619479788","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2736899637","https://openalex.org/W2745720202","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2773446523","https://openalex.org/W2797455600","https://openalex.org/W2798801120","https://openalex.org/W2963001136","https://openalex.org/W2963062382","https://openalex.org/W2963070423","https://openalex.org/W2963143631","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963389226","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963557656","https://openalex.org/W2963564844","https://openalex.org/W2963744840","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2964253222","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3111818035","https://openalex.org/W4247200422","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W6600428322","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6719080892","https://openalex.org/W6729756640","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6741036071","https://openalex.org/W6745272055","https://openalex.org/W6746608116","https://openalex.org/W6748475379","https://openalex.org/W6750404860","https://openalex.org/W6750463028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W40542382","https://openalex.org/W2108136919","https://openalex.org/W2558183247","https://openalex.org/W4234068703","https://openalex.org/W2085760882","https://openalex.org/W1901876059","https://openalex.org/W1909427334","https://openalex.org/W2342815141","https://openalex.org/W2373628019","https://openalex.org/W2070451454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"phenomenon":[1,71],"of":[2,22,34,76,97,181,199,206,212],"adversarial":[3],"examples":[4,27],"is":[5],"attracting":[6],"increasing":[7],"interest":[8],"from":[9,38],"the":[10,20,39,108,147,154,158,197,203,207,210],"machine":[11,23,45],"learning":[12,24,46],"community,":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,36,78,130,138,153,168,173],"its":[16],"significant":[17],"impact":[18,198],"on":[19,99,202],"security":[21],"systems.":[25,91],"Adversarial":[26],"are":[28,53,63,136,171],"similar":[29],"(from":[30],"a":[31,44,113,117,120,132,142,166,178],"perceptual":[32],"notion":[33],"similarity)":[35],"samples":[37],"data":[40],"distribution,":[41],"that":[42,126,128,164],"\u201cfool\u201d":[43],"classifier.":[47],"For":[48],"computer":[49],"vision":[50],"applications,":[51],"these":[52],"images":[54],"with":[55],"carefully":[56],"crafted":[57],"but":[58],"almost":[59],"imperceptible":[60],"changes,":[61],"which":[62],"misclassified.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66,70],"paper,":[67],"we":[68],"characterize":[69],"under":[72],"an":[73,94],"existing":[74],"taxonomy":[75],"threats":[77],"biometric":[79],"systems,":[80],"in":[81,141,191],"particular":[82],"identifying":[83],"new":[84],"attacks":[85,127,208],"for":[86,161,215],"offline":[87],"handwritten":[88],"signature":[89,134],"verification":[90],"We":[92,124,194],"conducted":[93],"extensive":[95],"set":[96],"experiments":[98],"four":[100],"widely":[101],"used":[102,160],"datasets:":[103],"MCYT-75,":[104],"CEDAR,":[105],"GPDS-160,":[106],"and":[107,116,175,209],"Brazilian":[109],"PUC-PR,":[110],"considering":[111],"both":[112],"CNN-based":[114],"system":[115,118],"using":[119],"handcrafted":[121],"feature":[122],"extractor.":[123],"found":[125],"aim":[129],"get":[131,165],"genuine":[133],"rejected":[135],"easy":[137],"generate,":[139],"even":[140],"limited":[143],"knowledge":[144],"scenario,":[145],"where":[146],"attacker":[148],"does":[149],"not":[150],"have":[151],"access":[152],"trained":[155],"classifier":[156],"nor":[157],"signatures":[159],"training.":[162],"Attacks":[163],"forgery":[167],"be":[169],"accepted":[170],"harder":[172],"produce,":[174],"often":[176],"require":[177],"higher":[179],"level":[180],"noise-in":[182],"most":[183],"cases,":[184],"no":[185],"longer":[186],"\u201cimperceptible\u201d":[187],"as":[188],"previous":[189],"findings":[190],"object":[192],"recognition.":[193],"also":[195],"evaluated":[196],"two":[200],"countermeasures":[201],"success":[204],"rate":[205],"amount":[211],"noise":[213],"required":[214],"generating":[216],"successful":[217],"attacks.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
