{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2893230499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","title":"Counter JPEG Anti-Forensic Approach Based on the Second-Order Statistical Analysis","display_name":"Counter JPEG Anti-Forensic Approach Based on the Second-Order Statistical Analysis","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2893230499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","mag":"2893230499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gurinder Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-4611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gurinder Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8927-4611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100655760","display_name":"Kulbir Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8070-3395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kulbir Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8070-3395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8413,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86961448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"1194","last_page":"1209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8092694878578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6442651152610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.5870225429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.513058066368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4965108036994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45924001932144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44355618953704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.2748086452484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2027001678943634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8092694878578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6442651152610779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.5870225429534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.513058066368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4965108036994934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45924001932144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44355618953704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.2748086452484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2027001678943634}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2018.2871751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325255","display_name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W29798142","https://openalex.org/W202145487","https://openalex.org/W1518402653","https://openalex.org/W1522320082","https://openalex.org/W1955882805","https://openalex.org/W1967094344","https://openalex.org/W1972263025","https://openalex.org/W1973629749","https://openalex.org/W1980745118","https://openalex.org/W1985613413","https://openalex.org/W1994743750","https://openalex.org/W1999957465","https://openalex.org/W2016865335","https://openalex.org/W2018369178","https://openalex.org/W2021505776","https://openalex.org/W2030623417","https://openalex.org/W2031466562","https://openalex.org/W2037974317","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2044669911","https://openalex.org/W2050991548","https://openalex.org/W2081060147","https://openalex.org/W2089740826","https://openalex.org/W2096933452","https://openalex.org/W2106663508","https://openalex.org/W2116380715","https://openalex.org/W2118779391","https://openalex.org/W2121029817","https://openalex.org/W2123170991","https://openalex.org/W2123965969","https://openalex.org/W2133743319","https://openalex.org/W2134396947","https://openalex.org/W2145915941","https://openalex.org/W2148610715","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2158071928","https://openalex.org/W2158996282","https://openalex.org/W2220781736","https://openalex.org/W2222347668","https://openalex.org/W2514123796","https://openalex.org/W2565904336","https://openalex.org/W2622891046","https://openalex.org/W4206686222","https://openalex.org/W6601184985","https://openalex.org/W6608305466","https://openalex.org/W6631445488","https://openalex.org/W6640843618","https://openalex.org/W6731502008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2601157893","https://openalex.org/W2373006798","https://openalex.org/W2056912418","https://openalex.org/W2112208972","https://openalex.org/W2123759770","https://openalex.org/W2033213769","https://openalex.org/W2811390910","https://openalex.org/W4312376745","https://openalex.org/W2768048376","https://openalex.org/W2082269393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,56,122,141,194],"forensic":[1,159],"investigation":[2],"of":[3,11,63,69,73,88,91,114,171,182],"JPEG":[4,19,41,92],"compression":[5,20],"generally":[6],"relies":[7],"on":[8,15,24,51,78,145,162],"the":[9,46,52,64,81,86,96,100,107,112,119,138,146,157,169,175,180,183],"analysis":[10,49],"first-order":[12],"statistics":[13],"based":[14,23,50,77,144,161],"image":[16,149,204],"histogram.":[17],"detection":[21],"methods":[22],"such":[25,207],"methodology":[26],"can":[27],"be":[28],"effortlessly":[29],"circumvented":[30],"by":[31,44,94],"adopting":[32],"some":[33],"anti-forensic":[34,42,172],"attacks.":[35,173],"This":[36],"paper":[37],"presents":[38],"a":[39],"counter":[40,187],"method":[43,185],"considering":[45],"second-order":[47,74,131],"statistical":[48,75,132],"co-occurrence":[53],"matrices":[54],"(CMs).":[55],"proposed":[57,158,184,195],"framework":[58],"comprises":[59],"three":[60],"stages:":[61],"selection":[62],"target":[65],"difference":[66],"image,":[67],"evaluation":[68],"CMs,":[70],"and":[71,151,190,216],"generation":[72],"feature":[76,133],"CMs.":[79],"In":[80],"first":[82],"stage,":[83],"we":[84],"explore":[85],"effects":[87,113],"dithering":[89,120],"operation":[90],"anti-forensics":[93],"analyzing":[95],"variance":[97],"inconsistencies":[98],"along":[99],"diagonals.":[101],"Afterward,":[102],"CMs":[103],"are":[104],"evaluated":[105],"in":[106,168,186,201],"second":[108],"stage":[109,124],"to":[110,127,137],"highlight":[111],"grainy":[115],"noise":[116],"introduced":[117],"during":[118],"operation.":[121],"third":[123],"is":[125,135,164],"devoted":[126],"generate":[128],"an":[129],"optimal":[130],"which":[134],"fed":[136],"SVM":[139],"classifier.":[140],"experimental":[142,176],"results":[143,177,200],"uncompressed":[147],"color":[148],"database":[150],"BOSSBase":[152],"dataset":[153],"images":[154],"demonstrated":[155],"that":[156],"detector":[160],"CM":[163],"very":[165],"efficient":[166],"even":[167],"presence":[170],"Moreover,":[174],"also":[178,197],"confirm":[179],"competency":[181],"median":[188],"filtering":[189],"contrast":[191],"enhancement":[192],"anti-forensics.":[193],"scheme":[196],"provides":[198],"satisfactory":[199],"detecting":[202],"other":[203],"processing":[205],"operations":[206],"as":[208],"mean":[209],"filtering,":[210,212,214],"Gaussian":[211],"Weiner":[213],"scaling,":[215],"rotation,":[217],"thereby":[218],"revealing":[219],"its":[220],"multi-purpose":[221],"nature.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}