{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2779862145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","title":"Matching Software-Generated Sketches to Face Photographs With a Very Deep CNN, Morphed Faces, and Transfer Learning","display_name":"Matching Software-Generated Sketches to Face Photographs With a Very Deep CNN, Morphed Faces, and Transfer Learning","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2779862145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","mag":"2779862145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/27599","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008794735","display_name":"Christian Galea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Galea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030191054","display_name":"Reuben A. Farrugia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-9891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reuben A. Farrugia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008794735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8217,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94734601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1421","last_page":"1431"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8727567195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7641440629959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.7344540357589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6517776846885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6427415609359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6113531589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.5891040563583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5792648792266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5012328624725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch-recognition","display_name":"Sketch recognition","score":0.4319557547569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3579680919647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3018009662628174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8727567195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7641440629959106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.7344540357589722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6517776846885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6427415609359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6113531589508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.5891040563583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5792648792266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5012328624725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132900626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534733","display_name":"Sketch recognition","level":4,"score":0.4319557547569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.43010926246643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3579680919647217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3018009662628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2788002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.um.edu.mt:123456789/27599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/27599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400782","display_name":"OAR@UM (University of Malta)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","host_organization_name":"University of Malta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.um.edu.mt:123456789/27599","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/27599","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400782","display_name":"OAR@UM (University of Malta)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","host_organization_name":"University of Malta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1425104224","https://openalex.org/W1529583686","https://openalex.org/W1578352865","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1885185971","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1950843348","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W1967022358","https://openalex.org/W1971359334","https://openalex.org/W1972953456","https://openalex.org/W1985436611","https://openalex.org/W1989563738","https://openalex.org/W1995761756","https://openalex.org/W1997011019","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2034136097","https://openalex.org/W2035014185","https://openalex.org/W2063643424","https://openalex.org/W2076631638","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2107037917","https://openalex.org/W2117033808","https://openalex.org/W2117499988","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2118963448","https://openalex.org/W2119990023","https://openalex.org/W2138451337","https://openalex.org/W2140609507","https://openalex.org/W2141851520","https://openalex.org/W2144172034","https://openalex.org/W2144653558","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2149481809","https://openalex.org/W2152788298","https://openalex.org/W2153288431","https://openalex.org/W2156163116","https://openalex.org/W2158096215","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2261888986","https://openalex.org/W2270335116","https://openalex.org/W2275811363","https://openalex.org/W2296659146","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2441195876","https://openalex.org/W2528176169","https://openalex.org/W2553296237","https://openalex.org/W2563608705","https://openalex.org/W2570189907","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3099206234","https://openalex.org/W6635552349","https://openalex.org/W6677516346","https://openalex.org/W6677604277","https://openalex.org/W6681239517","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6692610018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294900353","https://openalex.org/W2151314278","https://openalex.org/W2411243951","https://openalex.org/W1971224820","https://openalex.org/W13629514","https://openalex.org/W2963977451","https://openalex.org/W2098836165","https://openalex.org/W1976890290","https://openalex.org/W1573697454","https://openalex.org/W2966897482"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sketches":[0],"obtained":[1],"from":[2],"eyewitness":[3],"descriptions":[4],"of":[5,21,57,62,88,95,103,158,227,233,239,251],"criminals":[6],"have":[7,31,114],"proven":[8],"to":[9,25,91,118,137,154,168,178,194,200,211,222,248],"be":[10],"useful":[11],"in":[12,29,34,65,76,161,254],"apprehending":[13],"criminals,":[14],"particularly":[15],"when":[16,43,48],"there":[17],"is":[18,40,84,152,172,192,209,220,244,259],"a":[19,54,86,100,146,159,162,179,188],"lack":[20,250],"evidence.":[22],"Automated":[23],"methods":[24,268],"identify":[26],"subjects":[27],"depicted":[28],"sketches":[30,46,124,199,232],"been":[32,74,116],"proposed":[33,263],"the":[35,60,89,142,156,202,217,225,249,255,262],"literature,":[36,256],"but":[37],"their":[38],"performance":[39],"still":[41],"unsatisfactory":[42],"using":[44,50,99],"software-generated":[45,121],"and":[47,171,198,215,241],"tested":[49],"extensive":[51,237],"galleries":[52],"with":[53,141],"large":[55,101],"amount":[56],"subjects.":[58,235],"Despite":[59],"success":[61],"deep":[63,96,148],"learning":[64,177],"several":[66],"applications":[67],"including":[68],"face":[69,80,122,169,184],"recognition,":[70],"little":[71],"work":[72],"has":[73],"done":[75],"applying":[77,175],"it":[78,167,258],"for":[79,183],"photograph-sketch":[81],"recognition.":[82],"This":[83,134],"mainly":[85],"consequence":[87],"need":[90],"ensure":[92],"robust":[93],"training":[94,204],"networks":[97],"by":[98,128,165,174],"number":[102,226],"images,":[104],"yet":[105],"limited":[106],"quantities":[107],"are":[108,126],"publicly":[109,271],"available.":[110],"Moreover,":[111],"most":[112],"algorithms":[113,243],"not":[115],"designed":[117],"operate":[119],"on":[120,269],"composite":[123,163,273],"which":[125],"used":[127,193],"numerous":[129],"law":[130],"enforcement":[131],"agencies":[132],"worldwide.":[133],"paper":[135],"aims":[136],"tackle":[138],"these":[139],"issues":[140],"following":[143],"contributions:":[144],"1)":[145],"very":[147],"convolutional":[149],"neural":[150],"network":[151],"utilised":[153],"determine":[155],"identity":[157],"subject":[160],"sketch":[164,274],"comparing":[166],"photographs":[170,197],"trained":[173],"transfer":[176],"state-of-the-art":[180,242,267],"model":[181,191],"pretrained":[182],"photograph":[185],"recognition;":[186],"2)":[187],"3-D":[189],"morphable":[190],"synthesise":[195],"both":[196],"augment":[201],"available":[203,272],"data,":[205],"an":[206],"approach":[207,264],"that":[208,261],"shown":[210],"significantly":[212],"aid":[213],"performance;":[214],"3)":[216],"UoM-SGFS":[218],"database":[219],"extended":[221],"contain":[223],"twice":[224],"subjects,":[228],"now":[229],"having":[230],"1200":[231],"600":[234],"An":[236],"evaluation":[238],"popular":[240],"also":[245],"performed":[246],"due":[247],"such":[252],"information":[253],"where":[257],"demonstrated":[260],"comprehensively":[265],"outperforms":[266],"all":[270],"datasets.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
