{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2620096549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","title":"DropWat: An Invisible Network Flow Watermark for Data Exfiltration Traceback","display_name":"DropWat: An Invisible Network Flow Watermark for Data Exfiltration Traceback","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2620096549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","mag":"2620096549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.09460","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072710110","display_name":"Alfonso Iacovazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6116-164X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Iacovazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088143666","display_name":"Sanat Sarda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-4553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanat Sarda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026457235","display_name":"Daniel Frassinelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Frassinelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temasek Laboratories, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072913672","display_name":"Yuval Elovici","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-128X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["IL","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Elovici","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","iTrust\u2013Centre for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"iTrust\u2013Centre for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072710110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87928177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"1139","last_page":"1154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10138","display_name":"Network Traffic and Congestion Control","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8381582498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8302344679832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8301351070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invisibility","display_name":"Invisibility","score":0.7010143399238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5918605327606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5855106115341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5418949127197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5295953154563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-traceback","display_name":"IP traceback","score":0.46946680545806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.45519009232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.45257729291915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4047953188419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2699786424636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.267855703830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16852182149887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12178176641464233}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8381582498550415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8302344679832458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8301351070404053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50962388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762018","display_name":"Invisibility","level":2,"score":0.7010143399238586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5918605327606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5855106115341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5418949127197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5295953154563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776059407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973212","display_name":"IP traceback","level":4,"score":0.46946680545806885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.45519009232521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45257729291915894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4047953188419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2699786424636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.267855703830719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16852182149887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12178176641464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2779113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1705.09460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09460","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.09460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1705.09460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.09460","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.09460","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17062318","https://openalex.org/W18246293","https://openalex.org/W25350463","https://openalex.org/W84267113","https://openalex.org/W173570005","https://openalex.org/W187122915","https://openalex.org/W1518813109","https://openalex.org/W1536619301","https://openalex.org/W1600930409","https://openalex.org/W1967949770","https://openalex.org/W1987045229","https://openalex.org/W1989545061","https://openalex.org/W1989875432","https://openalex.org/W1995412393","https://openalex.org/W1995885288","https://openalex.org/W2007579064","https://openalex.org/W2023342994","https://openalex.org/W2033261126","https://openalex.org/W2034297286","https://openalex.org/W2034866749","https://openalex.org/W2056524697","https://openalex.org/W2069117564","https://openalex.org/W2088826400","https://openalex.org/W2092681734","https://openalex.org/W2096104313","https://openalex.org/W2105486585","https://openalex.org/W2108077210","https://openalex.org/W2117520000","https://openalex.org/W2122823095","https://openalex.org/W2131562107","https://openalex.org/W2132957552","https://openalex.org/W2134626688","https://openalex.org/W2137298097","https://openalex.org/W2137803891","https://openalex.org/W2139978474","https://openalex.org/W2146148058","https://openalex.org/W2150228605","https://openalex.org/W2150657879","https://openalex.org/W2151114655","https://openalex.org/W2169427758","https://openalex.org/W2169991041","https://openalex.org/W2399169235","https://openalex.org/W2502170095","https://openalex.org/W2519082534","https://openalex.org/W2534766289","https://openalex.org/W2545820541","https://openalex.org/W4250493029","https://openalex.org/W4256079738","https://openalex.org/W6600726079","https://openalex.org/W6603464622","https://openalex.org/W6607628921","https://openalex.org/W6631971747","https://openalex.org/W6636140842","https://openalex.org/W6678124170","https://openalex.org/W6679492398","https://openalex.org/W6679888951","https://openalex.org/W6682144364","https://openalex.org/W6712151236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"flow":[1,40,93],"watermarking":[2,41,94],"techniques":[3,24],"have":[4],"been":[5,73],"proposed":[6],"during":[7],"the":[8,45,59,85,103,108,118,142,152,166,188,205,211,218,225],"last":[9],"ten":[10],"years":[11],"as":[12,194],"an":[13,51,62,90,127,232],"approach":[14],"to":[15,26,47,102,145,161,230],"trace":[16],"network":[17,39,92,214],"flows":[18,100],"for":[19,97],"intrusion":[20],"detection":[21,226],"purposes.":[22],"These":[23],"aim":[25],"impress":[27],"a":[28,32,66,80,112,132,162,178,183],"hidden":[29],"signature":[30],"on":[31,187,198],"traffic":[33],"flow.":[34],"A":[35],"central":[36],"property":[37],"of":[38,61,120,157,185,217],"is":[42,65,107,131,159,228],"invisibility,":[43],"i.e.,":[44],"ability":[46],"go":[48],"unidentified":[49],"by":[50,140,155],"unauthorized":[52],"third":[53,163],"party.":[54],"Although":[55],"widely":[56],"sought":[57],"after,":[58],"development":[60],"invisible":[63,160],"watermark":[64,153],"challenging":[67],"task":[68],"that":[69,106,135,151,224],"has":[70],"not":[71],"yet":[72],"accomplished.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"take":[79],"step":[81],"forward":[82],"in":[83,111,117,177,201,215],"addressing":[84],"invisibility":[86],"problem":[87],"with":[88,126,182],"DropWat,":[89],"active":[91],"technique":[95,134],"developed":[96],"tracing":[98],"Internet":[99],"directed":[101],"staging":[104],"server":[105],"final":[109],"destination":[110],"data":[113],"exfiltration":[114],"attack,":[115],"even":[116],"presence":[119],"several":[121,199],"intermediate":[122],"stepping":[123,195,219],"stones":[124,196],"or":[125],"anonymous":[128,213],"network.":[129],"DropWat":[130,158,172],"timing-based":[133],"indirectly":[136],"modifies":[137],"interpacket":[138],"delays":[139],"exploiting":[141],"network's":[143],"reaction":[144],"packet":[146],"loss.":[147],"We":[148,169],"empirically":[149],"demonstrate":[150],"embedded":[154,233],"means":[156],"party":[164],"observing":[165],"watermarked":[167],"traffic.":[168],"also":[170,208],"validate":[171],"and":[173],"analyze":[174],"its":[175],"performance":[176],"controlled":[179],"experimental":[180],"framework":[181],"series":[184],"experiments":[186,206],"Internet,":[189],"using":[190,210],"Web":[191,203],"proxy":[192],"servers":[193],"executed":[197],"instances":[200],"Amazon":[202],"Services;":[204],"are":[207],"conducted":[209],"TOR":[212],"place":[216],"stones.":[220],"Our":[221],"results":[222],"show":[223],"algorithm":[227],"able":[229],"identify":[231],"watermark,":[234],"achieving":[235],"over":[236],"95%":[237],"accuracy":[238],"while":[239],"being":[240],"invisible.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2017-06-05T00:00:00"}