{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2578616301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","title":"Randomness Evaluation With the Discrete Fourier Transform Test Based on Exact Analysis of the Reference Distribution","display_name":"Randomness Evaluation With the Discrete Fourier Transform Test Based on Exact Analysis of the Reference Distribution","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2578616301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","mag":"2578616301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.01960","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033618394","display_name":"Hiroki Okada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-620X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Okada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5687-620X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001619132","display_name":"Ken Umeno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9162-1261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Umeno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9018,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83029934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"1218","last_page":"1226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.8750075101852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness-tests","display_name":"Randomness tests","score":0.8297919034957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.742692232131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-fourier-transform","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","score":0.6523110270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5670885443687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-statistic","display_name":"Test statistic","score":0.5669314861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5234565138816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.5116179585456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistic","display_name":"Statistic","score":0.4277307391166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.3675628900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3644198775291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.34353870153427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fractional Fourier transform","score":0.3428460955619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.321746289730072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3142385482788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-analysis","display_name":"Fourier analysis","score":0.16001027822494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.10404765605926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.8750075101852417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18017163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13560113","display_name":"Randomness tests","level":3,"score":0.8297919034957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.742692232131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57733114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006032","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","level":5,"score":0.6523110270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5670885443687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169857963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1461038","display_name":"Test statistic","level":3,"score":0.5669314861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5234565138816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.5116179585456848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.4277307391166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3675628900527954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3644198775291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.34353870153427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817582","display_name":"Fractional Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.3428460955619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.321746289730072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3142385482788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.16001027822494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.10404765605926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2017.2656473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1701.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01960","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.01960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1701.01960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01960","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1701.01960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172595074","https://openalex.org/W1619204927","https://openalex.org/W1961872196","https://openalex.org/W2077823812","https://openalex.org/W2088748594","https://openalex.org/W2091221194","https://openalex.org/W2095595785","https://openalex.org/W2103227860","https://openalex.org/W2116948326","https://openalex.org/W2219523775","https://openalex.org/W2291098677","https://openalex.org/W4206302131","https://openalex.org/W4240267682","https://openalex.org/W4248776558","https://openalex.org/W6636578186","https://openalex.org/W6696547247"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2118155316","https://openalex.org/W2382218334","https://openalex.org/W2090697566","https://openalex.org/W2116983948","https://openalex.org/W4200404846","https://openalex.org/W2155549970","https://openalex.org/W3141389362","https://openalex.org/W2057875231","https://openalex.org/W2183119314","https://openalex.org/W2343504300"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,127],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,102,129],"study":[4],"the":[5,8,16,28,52,61,72,86,95,113,137,144,155,166],"problems":[6],"in":[7,15,51],"discrete":[9],"fourier":[10],"transform":[11],"(DFT)":[12],"test":[13,54,62,74,89,114,138,157],"included":[14],"National":[17],"Institute":[18],"of":[19,34,60,112,123,136,146],"Standards":[20],"and":[21,40,150,161],"Technology":[22],"(NIST)":[23],"SP":[24],"800-22":[25],"released":[26],"by":[27],"NIST,":[29],"which":[30,108],"is":[31,55,64,77,98,109,140,158],"a":[32,80,105,110,117,131],"collection":[33],"tests":[35],"for":[36,44,75],"evaluating":[37],"both":[38],"physical":[39],"pseudo-random":[41,81],"number":[42,82],"generators":[43],"cryptographic":[45],"applications.":[46],"The":[47],"most":[48],"crucial":[49],"problem":[50],"DFT":[53,73,88,168],"that":[56,104,154],"its":[57],"reference":[58,96,134],"distribution":[59,97,119,135],"statistic":[63,139],"not":[65,91],"derived":[66],"mathematically":[67,99,141],"but":[68],"rather":[69],"numerically":[70],"estimated;":[71],"randomness":[76],"based":[78],"on":[79,126],"generator":[83],"(PRNG).":[84],"Therefore,":[85],"present":[87,167],"should":[90],"be":[92],"used":[93],"unless":[94],"derived.":[100,142],"Here,":[101],"prove":[103],"power":[106],"spectrum,":[107],"component":[111],"statistic,":[115],"follows":[116],"chi-squared":[118],"with":[120],"two":[121],"degrees":[122],"freedom.":[124],"Based":[125],"fact,":[128],"propose":[130],"test,":[132],"whose":[133],"Furthermore,":[143],"results":[145],"testing":[147],"non-random":[148],"sequences":[149],"several":[151],"PRNGs":[152],"showed":[153],"proposed":[156],"more":[159,163],"reliable":[160],"definitely":[162],"sensitive":[164],"than":[165],"test.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2017-01-26T00:00:00"}
