{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2560868627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","title":"On the SPN Estimation in Image Forensics: A Systematic Empirical Evaluation","display_name":"On the SPN Estimation in Image Forensics: A Systematic Empirical Evaluation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2560868627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","mag":"2560868627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/29339/1/Paper_accepted.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062612280","display_name":"Mustafa Al-Ani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8232-513X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23923803","display_name":"University of Exeter","ror":"https://ror.org/03yghzc09","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Al-Ani","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041241660","display_name":"Fouad Khelifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-0025"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fouad Khelifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062612280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23923803"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6741,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95700404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"1067","last_page":"1081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8248830437660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7440540194511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6670002937316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5965972542762756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.5885247588157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5644921660423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5466877818107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-image","display_name":"Digital image","score":0.519605815410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"Digital forensics","score":0.5109928846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5018835067749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4644254446029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.428054541349411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-restoration","display_name":"Image restoration","score":0.4231165051460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34090036153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.33318978548049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18952473998069763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8248830437660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7440540194511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6670002937316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5965972542762756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.5885247588157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5644921660423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5466877818107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.519605815410614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.5109928846359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5018835067749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4644254446029663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.428054541349411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106430172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002272","display_name":"Image restoration","level":4,"score":0.4231165051460266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34090036153793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.33318978548049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18952473998069763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2640938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:29339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/29339/1/Paper_accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:29339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/29339/1/Paper_accepted.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1127962973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L006812/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7296602975","display_name":"Temporal forensic analysis of digital Camera sensor imperfections for picture dating","funder_award_id":"EP/L006812/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2560868627.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506864492","https://openalex.org/W1838866347","https://openalex.org/W1925047926","https://openalex.org/W1928872245","https://openalex.org/W1975204236","https://openalex.org/W1984038043","https://openalex.org/W1984074113","https://openalex.org/W1987614321","https://openalex.org/W1997599449","https://openalex.org/W2009136431","https://openalex.org/W2014529878","https://openalex.org/W2022503816","https://openalex.org/W2030449718","https://openalex.org/W2033323324","https://openalex.org/W2033781283","https://openalex.org/W2037023837","https://openalex.org/W2038425697","https://openalex.org/W2043822147","https://openalex.org/W2045905048","https://openalex.org/W2048265462","https://openalex.org/W2048698160","https://openalex.org/W2049771774","https://openalex.org/W2056175600","https://openalex.org/W2056269298","https://openalex.org/W2056370875","https://openalex.org/W2080403050","https://openalex.org/W2081698350","https://openalex.org/W2084309543","https://openalex.org/W2086666872","https://openalex.org/W2089305009","https://openalex.org/W2093729799","https://openalex.org/W2096754397","https://openalex.org/W2103559027","https://openalex.org/W2104763670","https://openalex.org/W2110598603","https://openalex.org/W2112038498","https://openalex.org/W2124695272","https://openalex.org/W2125188192","https://openalex.org/W2129240197","https://openalex.org/W2129551701","https://openalex.org/W2130604180","https://openalex.org/W2139322889","https://openalex.org/W2139579355","https://openalex.org/W2140948049","https://openalex.org/W2141701079","https://openalex.org/W2145080442","https://openalex.org/W2150134853","https://openalex.org/W2156238933","https://openalex.org/W2161419603","https://openalex.org/W2162192649","https://openalex.org/W2163446914","https://openalex.org/W2168126647","https://openalex.org/W2208109665","https://openalex.org/W2271556243","https://openalex.org/W2313432364","https://openalex.org/W4250955649","https://openalex.org/W4255023712","https://openalex.org/W6649973275","https://openalex.org/W6671111165","https://openalex.org/W6680944521","https://openalex.org/W6684434412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W4312797710","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W2608025327","https://openalex.org/W1621827506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"a":[1,4,34,50,73,122,140],"fingerprint":[2,37],"of":[3,38,64,77,115],"digital":[5,39],"camera":[6,16],"has":[7,29],"fertile":[8],"applications":[9],"in":[10,46,87,90,104],"image":[11,19,48,142,146],"forensics,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,33,49],"source":[15],"identification":[17],"and":[18,54,97,139],"authentication.":[20],"In":[21,68],"the":[22,61,65,88,105,144],"last":[23],"decade,":[24],"photo":[25],"response":[26],"nonuniformity":[27],"(PRNU)":[28],"been":[30,85,133],"well":[31],"established":[32],"reliable":[35,56],"unique":[36],"imaging":[40],"devices.":[41],"The":[42,93,113,130],"PRNU":[43,80,106],"noise":[44],"appears":[45],"every":[47],"very":[51],"weak":[52],"signal,":[53],"its":[55],"estimation":[57,107],"is":[58,118],"crucial":[59],"for":[60],"success":[62],"rate":[63],"forensic":[66],"application.":[67],"this":[69,127],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"present":[72],"novel":[74],"methodical":[75],"evaluation":[76],"21":[78],"state-of-the-art":[79],"estimation/enhancement":[81],"techniques":[82,94],"that":[83],"have":[84,132],"proposed":[86],"literature":[89],"various":[91],"frameworks.":[92],"are":[95],"classified":[96],"systematically":[98],"compared":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,135],"their":[102,110],"role/stage":[103],"procedure,":[108],"manifesting":[109],"intrinsic":[111],"impacts.":[112],"performance":[114],"each":[116],"technique":[117],"extensively":[119],"demonstrated":[120],"over":[121],"large-scale":[123],"experiment":[124],"to":[125],"conclude":[126],"case-sensitive":[128],"study.":[129],"experiments":[131],"conducted":[134],"our":[136],"created":[137],"database":[138],"public":[141],"database,":[143],"\u201cDresden":[145],"database.\u201d":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}