{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2470230726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","title":"Full Frame Encryption and Modulation Obfuscation Using Channel-Independent Preamble Identifier","display_name":"Full Frame Encryption and Modulation Obfuscation Using Channel-Independent Preamble Identifier","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2470230726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","mag":"2470230726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016230153","display_name":"Hanif Rahbari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanif Rahbari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-6542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081934496","display_name":"Marwan Krunz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7137-2985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwan Krunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2474,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81679753,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"2732","last_page":"2747"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8058853149414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.7690904140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5423856377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5158206820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5101590752601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.49840664863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46035143733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4498436450958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.42418766021728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preamble","display_name":"Preamble","score":0.4209563732147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3723810315132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3508882522583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33127081394195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17817464470863342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8058853149414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.7690904140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5423856377601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5158206820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5101590752601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.49840664863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46035143733024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4498436450958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.42418766021728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780691134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129448","display_name":"Preamble","level":3,"score":0.4209563732147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3723810315132141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3508882522583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33127081394195557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17817464470863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2582560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1126261857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1513649","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1200798716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIP-1535573","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1715203136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8334589411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIP-1265960","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8719976367","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1409172","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W197026479","https://openalex.org/W574258038","https://openalex.org/W1503638523","https://openalex.org/W1539249970","https://openalex.org/W1539289401","https://openalex.org/W1582807341","https://openalex.org/W1608222975","https://openalex.org/W1966276228","https://openalex.org/W1977613509","https://openalex.org/W1980668046","https://openalex.org/W1982170863","https://openalex.org/W1999176662","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2009875308","https://openalex.org/W2015555370","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2030332747","https://openalex.org/W2030714532","https://openalex.org/W2031314535","https://openalex.org/W2031500863","https://openalex.org/W2046418793","https://openalex.org/W2048702750","https://openalex.org/W2068090402","https://openalex.org/W2077673877","https://openalex.org/W2103331800","https://openalex.org/W2114267371","https://openalex.org/W2131645176","https://openalex.org/W2145498707","https://openalex.org/W2150231253","https://openalex.org/W2158119522","https://openalex.org/W2162812372","https://openalex.org/W2165205968","https://openalex.org/W2169659938","https://openalex.org/W2418497778","https://openalex.org/W4214605592","https://openalex.org/W6630198993","https://openalex.org/W6636391385","https://openalex.org/W6681761208"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3160314615","https://openalex.org/W2294963990","https://openalex.org/W1964724501","https://openalex.org/W2122451362","https://openalex.org/W2103088854","https://openalex.org/W2359317704","https://openalex.org/W2945417328","https://openalex.org/W2349446766","https://openalex.org/W2096833542","https://openalex.org/W1971266231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"broadcast":[1],"nature":[2],"of":[3,100,155,204,218,234],"wireless":[4],"communications":[5],"exposes":[6],"various":[7],"transmission":[8,90],"attributes,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11,114],"the":[12,18,57,60,64,69,84,97,101,107,123,140,145,150,156,162,176,181,185,202,205,216,219,232,238],"packet":[13],"size,":[14],"inter-packet":[15],"times,":[16],"and":[17,48,67,178,187,207,226],"modulation":[19,58,86,103,116,126,159],"scheme.":[20,160],"These":[21],"attributes":[22,91],"can":[23,50,62],"be":[24,51],"exploited":[25],"by":[26,55,92,106,144],"an":[27,189],"adversary":[28],"to":[29,113,138,169],"launch":[30],"passive":[31],"(e.g.,":[32],"traffic":[33],"analysis)":[34],"or":[35],"selective":[36],"jamming":[37],"attacks.":[38],"This":[39],"security":[40],"problem":[41],"is":[42,120,198],"present":[43],"even":[44],"when":[45],"frame":[46],"headers":[47],"payloads":[49],"encrypted.":[52],"For":[53],"example,":[54],"determining":[56],"scheme,":[59],"attacker":[61],"estimate":[63],"data":[65],"rate,":[66],"hence":[68],"payload":[70],"size.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73],"paper,":[74],"we":[75,111],"propose":[76],"Friendly":[77],"CryptoJam":[78],"(FCJ),":[79],"a":[80,132,209],"scheme":[81,87,104,220],"that":[82],"decorrelates":[83],"payload's":[85,157],"from":[88],"other":[89],"embedding":[93,192],"information":[94],"symbols":[95,166],"into":[96],"constellation":[98],"map":[99],"highest-order":[102],"supported":[105],"system":[108],"(a":[109],"concept":[110],"refer":[112],"indistinguishable":[115],"unification).":[117],"Such":[118],"unification":[119],"done":[121],"using":[122],"least-complex":[124],"trellis-coded":[125],"schemes,":[127],"which":[128,200],"are":[129,167],"combined":[130],"with":[131],"secret":[133,182],"pseudo-random":[134],"sequence":[135,183],"in":[136,236],"FCJ":[137,235],"conceal":[139],"rate-dependent":[141],"pattern":[142],"imposed":[143],"code.":[146],"It":[147],"also":[148],"preserves":[149],"bit":[151],"error":[152],"rate":[153],"performance":[154],"original":[158],"At":[161],"same":[163],"time,":[164],"modulated":[165],"encrypted":[168],"hide":[170],"PHY-/MAC":[171],"layer":[172],"fields.":[173],"To":[174],"identify":[175],"Tx":[177,186],"synchronously":[179],"generate":[180],"at":[184],"Rx,":[188],"efficient":[190],"identifier":[191,211],"technique":[193],"based":[194],"on":[195,212,221],"Barker":[196],"sequences":[197],"proposed,":[199],"exploits":[201],"structure":[203],"preamble":[206],"overlays":[208],"frame-specific":[210],"it.":[213],"We":[214],"study":[215],"implications":[217],"PHY-layer":[222],"functions":[223],"through":[224],"simulations":[225],"testbed":[227],"experiments.":[228],"Our":[229],"results":[230],"confirm":[231],"efficiency":[233],"hiding":[237],"targeted":[239],"attributes.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}