{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2465113299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","title":"Formal Verification of the xDAuth Protocol","display_name":"Formal Verification of the xDAuth Protocol","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2465113299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","mag":"2465113299"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022101527","display_name":"Quratulain Alam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quratulain Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069325708","display_name":"Saher Tabbasum","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saher Tabbasum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081150177","display_name":"Saif Ur Rehman Malik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8195-1630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101533532","display_name":"Masoom Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-593X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoom Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023103690","display_name":"Tamleek Ali Tanveer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127363","display_name":"Institute of Management Sciences Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02m8e1r74","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]}],"countries":["AU","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamleek Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127363"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035884247","display_name":"Adnan Akhunzada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8370-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Akhunzada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Mobile Cloud Computing Research, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Mobile Cloud Computing Research, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003909640","display_name":"Samee U. Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5640-4942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samee Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074022699","display_name":"Athanasios V. Vasilakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100733","display_name":"Skellefte\u00e5 Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0133j5m54","country_code":"SE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100733"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Vasilakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Lule University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Lule University of Technology, Skellefte\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100733"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014716105","display_name":"Rajkumar Buyya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9754-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajkumar Buyya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems Laboratory, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9608834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8571128845214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.6002950072288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-flow","display_name":"Information flow","score":0.5803209543228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.5327268838882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5249127149581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5222590565681458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5004477500915527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.47838297486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.41789981722831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.41197535395622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.2484292984008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.23708155751228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17973628640174866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8571128845214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.6002950072288513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779136372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10283002","display_name":"Information flow","level":2,"score":0.5803209543228149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5327268838882446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5249127149581909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5222590565681458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5004477500915527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.47838297486305237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.41789981722831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.41197535395622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2484292984008789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.23708155751228333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17973628640174866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2561909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146244851","https://openalex.org/W659618760","https://openalex.org/W1480909796","https://openalex.org/W1513698493","https://openalex.org/W1515231954","https://openalex.org/W1603878273","https://openalex.org/W1649481791","https://openalex.org/W1723222257","https://openalex.org/W1936354298","https://openalex.org/W1976371754","https://openalex.org/W1993438000","https://openalex.org/W1996109622","https://openalex.org/W1998568597","https://openalex.org/W2031606427","https://openalex.org/W2043246364","https://openalex.org/W2054702684","https://openalex.org/W2064483023","https://openalex.org/W2070199221","https://openalex.org/W2085361835","https://openalex.org/W2089775132","https://openalex.org/W2095462340","https://openalex.org/W2106857693","https://openalex.org/W2106892818","https://openalex.org/W2111301415","https://openalex.org/W2113390504","https://openalex.org/W2114189125","https://openalex.org/W2114717587","https://openalex.org/W2117402063","https://openalex.org/W2125515762","https://openalex.org/W2126755708","https://openalex.org/W2129668508","https://openalex.org/W2130727935","https://openalex.org/W2131789459","https://openalex.org/W2137351629","https://openalex.org/W2138721431","https://openalex.org/W2142667604","https://openalex.org/W2143926509","https://openalex.org/W2150682469","https://openalex.org/W2155032609","https://openalex.org/W2162171351","https://openalex.org/W2170630946","https://openalex.org/W2171268563","https://openalex.org/W2172277920","https://openalex.org/W2183926967","https://openalex.org/W2315067448","https://openalex.org/W2346418387","https://openalex.org/W2507056983","https://openalex.org/W2524145143","https://openalex.org/W2527528514","https://openalex.org/W2949558051","https://openalex.org/W6630693619","https://openalex.org/W6681091300","https://openalex.org/W6725404672","https://openalex.org/W7000605267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360010141","https://openalex.org/W2362963703","https://openalex.org/W2107692711","https://openalex.org/W2365469275","https://openalex.org/W2351645295","https://openalex.org/W1687167769","https://openalex.org/W1965722552","https://openalex.org/W4237112499","https://openalex.org/W2090144004","https://openalex.org/W77095868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Service-oriented":[0],"architecture":[1],"offers":[2],"a":[3,94],"flexible":[4],"paradigm":[5],"for":[6,67,113,139],"information":[7,13,78,91,102],"flow":[8,79,92,103],"among":[9],"collaborating":[10],"organizations.":[11],"As":[12],"moves":[14],"out":[15],"of":[16,40,56,63,80,101,116],"an":[17,46],"organization":[18],"boundary,":[19],"various":[20],"security":[21,138,153],"concerns":[22],"may":[23],"arise,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"confidentiality,":[27,160],"integrity,":[28,161],"and":[29,122,135,150,155,162],"authenticity":[30],"that":[31,128],"needs":[32],"to":[33,87],"be":[34],"addressed.":[35],"Moreover,":[36],"verifying":[37],"the":[38,41,53,57,64,77,89,99,114,117,126,129,137,140],"correctness":[39],"communication":[42],"protocol":[43,82,90,130,142],"is":[44,61,111],"also":[45],"important":[47],"factor.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"focuses":[51],"on":[52],"formal":[54,120],"verification":[55,115,123],"xDAuth":[58,81],"protocol,":[59],"which":[60],"one":[62],"prominent":[65],"protocols":[66],"identity":[68],"management":[69],"in":[70,93],"cross":[71],"domain":[72],"scenarios.":[73],"We":[74,97],"have":[75],"modeled":[76],"using":[83,104],"high-level":[84],"Petri":[85],"nets":[86],"understand":[88],"distributed":[95],"environment.":[96],"analyze":[98],"rules":[100],"Z":[105],"language,":[106],"while":[107],"Z3":[108],"SMT":[109],"solver":[110],"used":[112],"model.":[118],"Our":[119],"analysis":[121],"results":[124],"reveal":[125],"fact":[127],"fulfills":[131],"its":[132],"intended":[133],"purpose":[134],"provides":[136],"defined":[141],"specific":[143,157],"properties,":[144,158],"e.g.,":[145,159],"secure":[146],"secret":[147],"key":[148],"authentication,":[149],"Chinese":[151],"wall":[152],"policy":[154],"secrecy":[156],"authenticity.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}