{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2339927096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","title":"Face Recognition in the Scrambled Domain via Salience-Aware Ensembles of Many Kernels","display_name":"Face Recognition in the Scrambled Domain via Salience-Aware Ensembles of Many Kernels","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2339927096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","mag":"2339927096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5058-7634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5058-7634","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017608892","display_name":"Somaya Al-M\u00e1adeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Somaya Al-Maadeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033623398","display_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1474-2772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Bouridane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Digital Technologies, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000739686","display_name":"Danny Crookes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3533-6095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danny Crookes","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007288104","display_name":"M. Emre Celebi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-6317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32038505","display_name":"University of Central Arkansas","ror":"https://ror.org/029bp0k25","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32038505"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152127","display_name":"Conway School of Landscape Design","ror":"https://ror.org/04q7y8a54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152127"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Emre Celebi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32038505","https://openalex.org/I4210152127"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":{"value":1815,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1957},"fwci":3.9173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94307023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"1807","last_page":"1817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8735309839248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrambling","display_name":"Scrambling","score":0.6890990734100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6229316592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6190928220748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.610008180141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaotic","display_name":"Chaotic","score":0.6027941107749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5669295787811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5559979677200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.44695529341697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4247547388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4123903512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38465389609336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1843220591545105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8735309839248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182548165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2261483","display_name":"Scrambling","level":2,"score":0.6890990734100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6229316592216492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6190928220748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.610008180141449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777052490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072826","display_name":"Chaotic","level":2,"score":0.6027941107749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5669295787811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5559979677200317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.44695529341697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4247547388076782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4123903512954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38465389609336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1843220591545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:26747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/680d833d-ed6f-4b31-897c-6639c581923b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/680d833d-ed6f-4b31-897c-6639c581923b","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/49719304/Face_Recognition_in_the_Scrambled.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Jiang, R, Al-Maadeed, S, Bouridane, A, Crookes, D & Celebi, M E 2016, 'Face Recognition in the Scrambled Domain via Salience-Aware Ensembles of Many Kernels', IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1807-1817. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2016.2555792","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:132094","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/132094/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/22350","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/22350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2016.2555792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179458199","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W1977028487","https://openalex.org/W1983607244","https://openalex.org/W1989426692","https://openalex.org/W2000081525","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2012362967","https://openalex.org/W2013987500","https://openalex.org/W2015569828","https://openalex.org/W2021012145","https://openalex.org/W2027791533","https://openalex.org/W2045661454","https://openalex.org/W2049365101","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2053437444","https://openalex.org/W2061166832","https://openalex.org/W2063355793","https://openalex.org/W2065809024","https://openalex.org/W2096044434","https://openalex.org/W2103405461","https://openalex.org/W2106503792","https://openalex.org/W2107179775","https://openalex.org/W2114588272","https://openalex.org/W2117553576","https://openalex.org/W2129812935","https://openalex.org/W2130972944","https://openalex.org/W2131335073","https://openalex.org/W2133203592","https://openalex.org/W2134123547","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2134301144","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2155759509","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2158844819","https://openalex.org/W2166782149","https://openalex.org/W2169278871","https://openalex.org/W2171029806","https://openalex.org/W2396217339","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W3149375329","https://openalex.org/W6676220612","https://openalex.org/W6679591791","https://openalex.org/W6682755970","https://openalex.org/W6712677364","https://openalex.org/W6793156980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W936781193","https://openalex.org/W4297633779","https://openalex.org/W69312893","https://openalex.org/W2349686135","https://openalex.org/W2353936545","https://openalex.org/W84934912","https://openalex.org/W2153933599","https://openalex.org/W2287132719","https://openalex.org/W2335135728","https://openalex.org/W2384550941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,32,55,87,97,103,108,112,128,140,145,151,163,169,175,189],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,115],"Internet-of-Things":[5],"(IoT),":[6],"face":[7,39,42,58,137,142,147,154],"scrambling":[8],"has":[9],"been":[10],"proposed":[11,98,129,164],"for":[12,184],"privacy":[13],"protection":[14],"during":[15],"IoT-targeted":[16],"image/video":[17],"distribution.":[18],"Consequently,":[19],"in":[20,31,38,70,107,188],"these":[21],"IoT":[22,191],"applications,":[23],"biometric":[24,186],"verification":[25,187],"needs":[26],"to":[27,53,101],"be":[28],"carried":[29],"out":[30],"scrambled":[33,109],"domain,":[34,110],"presenting":[35],"significant":[36],"challenges":[37],"recognition.":[40],"Since":[41],"models":[43],"become":[44],"chaotic":[45,62,88,104,170],"signals":[46,171],"after":[47],"scrambling/encryption,":[48],"a":[49,67,75,93,181],"typical":[50],"solution":[51],"is":[52,65],"utilize":[54],"traditional":[56],"data-driven":[57],"recognition":[59,64,176],"algorithms.":[60],"While":[61],"pattern":[63],"still":[66],"challenging":[68],"task,":[69],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"new":[76],"ensemble":[77,99],"approach-many-kernel":[78],"random":[79,113],"discriminant":[80],"analysis":[81],"(MK-RDA)-to":[82],"discover":[83],"discriminative":[84],"patterns":[85,106],"from":[86],"signals.":[89],"We":[90],"also":[91],"incorporate":[92],"salience-aware":[94],"strategy":[95],"into":[96],"method":[100,180],"handle":[102,168],"facial":[105],"where":[111],"selections":[114],"features":[116],"are":[117],"made":[118],"on":[119,134],"semantic":[120],"components":[121],"via":[122],"salience":[123],"modeling.":[124],"In":[125],"our":[126,179],"experiments,":[127],"MK-RDA":[130],"was":[131],"tested":[132],"rigorously":[133],"three":[135],"human":[136],"data":[138,143,148,155],"sets:":[139],"ORL":[141],"set,":[144,149],"PIE":[146],"and":[150,172],"PUBFIG":[152],"wild":[153],"set.":[156],"The":[157],"experimental":[158],"results":[159],"successfully":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"scheme":[165],"can":[166],"effectively":[167],"significantly":[173],"improve":[174],"accuracy,":[177],"making":[178],"promising":[182],"candidate":[183],"secure":[185],"emerging":[190],"applications.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
