{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1980193150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","title":"Software Puzzle: A Countermeasure to Resource-Inflated Denial-of-Service Attacks","display_name":"Software Puzzle: A Countermeasure to Resource-Inflated Denial-of-Service Attacks","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1980193150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","mag":"1980193150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042050762","display_name":"Yongdong Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-724X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongdong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infocomm Security, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Department of Infocomm SecurityAgency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infocomm Security, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infocomm SecurityAgency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040099452","display_name":"Zhao Zhi-gang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-1260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infocomm Security, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Department of Infocomm SecurityAgency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infocomm Security, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infocomm SecurityAgency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108377350","display_name":"Feng Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shield Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Huawei International Pte. Ltd., Singapore","Shield Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Huawei International Pte, Ltd., Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shield Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Huawei International Pte. Ltd., Singapore","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shield Laboratory, Central Research Institute, Huawei International Pte, Ltd., Singapore","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001712801","display_name":"Robert H. Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3491-8146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert H. Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore",", School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", School of Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042050762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6763,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95007062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"168","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.9019671678543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8835489749908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5996618866920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5718147158622742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.5586230754852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5581498742103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4109455943107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36330467462539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.10442101955413818}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.9019671678543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8835489749908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5996618866920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5718147158622742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.5586230754852295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5581498742103577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4109455943107605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36330467462539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.10442101955413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2366293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-3539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3539&context=sis_research","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196871","display_name":"Institutional Knowledge (InK) - Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2014.2366293","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4015096","https://openalex.org/W118842186","https://openalex.org/W1178143394","https://openalex.org/W1480157704","https://openalex.org/W1514258760","https://openalex.org/W1535147830","https://openalex.org/W1597159947","https://openalex.org/W1632088469","https://openalex.org/W1865130108","https://openalex.org/W1938381964","https://openalex.org/W1975439966","https://openalex.org/W1976249582","https://openalex.org/W2032966520","https://openalex.org/W2033322690","https://openalex.org/W2084641398","https://openalex.org/W2119142112","https://openalex.org/W2144999495","https://openalex.org/W2148888468","https://openalex.org/W2149603369","https://openalex.org/W2155883880","https://openalex.org/W2340955227","https://openalex.org/W3021615819","https://openalex.org/W4236561850","https://openalex.org/W6604770868","https://openalex.org/W6627811669","https://openalex.org/W6635812717","https://openalex.org/W6636398258","https://openalex.org/W6639017233","https://openalex.org/W6644185875","https://openalex.org/W6671777941","https://openalex.org/W6703602258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378749186","https://openalex.org/W2364088131","https://openalex.org/W4386482731","https://openalex.org/W2765763546","https://openalex.org/W4385302085","https://openalex.org/W2360429410","https://openalex.org/W2362741838","https://openalex.org/W4256682929","https://openalex.org/W335511927","https://openalex.org/W2006319822"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Denial-of-service":[0],"(DoS)":[1],"and":[2,13,132,154],"distributed":[3],"DoS":[4],"(DDoS)":[5],"are":[6],"among":[7],"the":[8,62,97,113,129,133,150,156,177,194],"major":[9],"threats":[10],"to":[11,20,36,59,73,92,144,148,169,189],"cyber-security,":[12],"client":[14,19,65,89,99,124],"puzzle,":[15],"which":[16,102],"demands":[17],"a":[18,30,33,87,109,123,163],"perform":[21],"computationally":[22],"expensive":[23],"operations":[24],"before":[25],"being":[26],"granted":[27],"services":[28],"from":[29,77],"server,":[31],"is":[32,118,126,135,142],"well-known":[34],"countermeasure":[35],"them.":[37],"However,":[38],"an":[39,140,146],"attacker":[40,141,157],"can":[41],"inflate":[42],"its":[43,170],"capability":[44],"of":[45,64],"DoS/DDoS":[46,75],"attacks":[47],"with":[48],"fast":[49],"puzzle-solving":[50,80],"software":[51,94,115,168,191],"and/or":[52],"built-in":[53],"graphics":[54],"processing":[55,165],"unit":[56,166],"(GPU)":[57],"hardware":[58],"significantly":[60],"weaken":[61],"effectiveness":[63],"puzzles.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68,83],"paper,":[69],"we":[70,85,186],"study":[71],"how":[72,188],"prevent":[74],"attackers":[76],"inflating":[78],"their":[79,104],"capabilities.":[81],"To":[82],"end,":[84],"introduce":[86],"new":[88],"puzzle":[90,100,105,110,116,151,167,192],"referred":[91],"as":[93],"puzzle.":[95],"Unlike":[96],"existing":[98],"schemes,":[101],"publish":[103],"algorithms":[106],"in":[107,112,152,161,182,193],"advance,":[108],"algorithm":[111,134],"present":[114],"scheme":[117],"randomly":[119],"generated":[120,136],"only":[121],"after":[122],"request":[125],"received":[127],"at":[128],"server":[130],"side":[131],"such":[137,175],"that:":[138],"1)":[139],"unable":[143],"prepare":[145],"implementation":[147],"solve":[149],"advance":[153],"2)":[155],"needs":[158],"considerable":[159],"effort":[160],"translating":[162],"central":[164],"functionally":[171],"equivalent":[172],"GPU":[173],"version":[174],"that":[176],"translation":[178],"cannot":[179],"be":[180],"done":[181],"real":[183],"time.":[184],"Moreover,":[185],"show":[187],"implement":[190],"generic":[195],"server-browser":[196],"model.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
