{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2039630661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","title":"On the Use of Discriminative Cohort Score Normalization for Unconstrained Face Recognition","display_name":"On the Use of Discriminative Cohort Score Normalization for Unconstrained Face Recognition","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2039630661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","mag":"2039630661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064744996","display_name":"M\u00e1ssimo Tistarelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-3048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Tistarelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","[Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033606658","display_name":"Yunlian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4696-8848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159650629","display_name":"University of Sassari","ror":"https://ror.org/01bnjbv91","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]}],"countries":["IT","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","[Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159650629"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Sciences and Information Technology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029657515","display_name":"Norman Poh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6076-0309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Poh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","Department of Computing, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4261,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9125474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"2063","last_page":"2075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8880892992019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6928424835205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6874060034751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.670364260673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5849520564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5512880682945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.5039169192314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.45972129702568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4175073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.27882811427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21507790684700012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8880892992019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6928424835205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6874060034751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.670364260673523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5849520564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5512880682945251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5039169192314148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.45972129702568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4175073504447937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.27882811427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21507790684700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2362007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.716.1086","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.716.1086","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/Norman.Poh/data/yunlian_TIFS2014.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:812523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812523/1/yunlian_TIFS2014.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498305593","https://openalex.org/W1511448892","https://openalex.org/W1523682477","https://openalex.org/W1545641654","https://openalex.org/W1548783750","https://openalex.org/W1591385104","https://openalex.org/W1594060965","https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1844323538","https://openalex.org/W1963589611","https://openalex.org/W1982048725","https://openalex.org/W1985425861","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W2004585830","https://openalex.org/W2006586657","https://openalex.org/W2008932806","https://openalex.org/W2012794606","https://openalex.org/W2020447345","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2059752237","https://openalex.org/W2061272711","https://openalex.org/W2069255443","https://openalex.org/W2078953162","https://openalex.org/W2083125768","https://openalex.org/W2089035607","https://openalex.org/W2095920931","https://openalex.org/W2097729189","https://openalex.org/W2098017479","https://openalex.org/W2099474347","https://openalex.org/W2109824782","https://openalex.org/W2113825207","https://openalex.org/W2122950138","https://openalex.org/W2126448884","https://openalex.org/W2134262590","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2149407554","https://openalex.org/W2150446981","https://openalex.org/W2153952064","https://openalex.org/W2160149758","https://openalex.org/W2163065939","https://openalex.org/W2163614729","https://openalex.org/W2164294799","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2172161484","https://openalex.org/W2994340921","https://openalex.org/W3028009906","https://openalex.org/W3147161844","https://openalex.org/W6619502971","https://openalex.org/W6629622560","https://openalex.org/W6632636493","https://openalex.org/W6638738393","https://openalex.org/W6683915439","https://openalex.org/W6684372933"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016839265","https://openalex.org/W2061273563","https://openalex.org/W2353840448","https://openalex.org/W2136485282","https://openalex.org/W2546871836","https://openalex.org/W1844323538","https://openalex.org/W2084028263","https://openalex.org/W2806866760","https://openalex.org/W1991269640","https://openalex.org/W2049862374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"imaging":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"largely":[4],"addressed":[5],"for":[6],"automatic":[7,17],"personal":[8],"identification,":[9],"in":[10,107,130,170],"a":[11,32,66],"variety":[12],"of":[13,47,65,102,142,161],"different":[14],"environments.":[15],"However,":[16],"face":[18,48,88,172],"recognition":[19,168],"becomes":[20],"very":[21],"challenging":[22,51],"whenever":[23],"the":[24,45,61,76,86,96,103,108,118,127,131,137,140,143,154,159,162,167],"acquisition":[25,173],"conditions":[26],"are":[27],"unconstrained.":[28],"In":[29,70],"this":[30],"paper,":[31],"picture-specific":[33],"cohort":[34,68,77,104,144,147],"normalization":[35,148],"approach,":[36],"based":[37],"on":[38,85,117],"polynomial":[39,78],"regression,":[40],"is":[41,56,73,91,111],"proposed":[42,163],"to":[43,58,135,165],"enhance":[44],"robustness":[46],"matching":[49,87,98,109],"under":[50],"conditions.":[52],"A":[53],"careful":[54],"analysis":[55],"presented":[57],"better":[59],"understand":[60],"actual":[62],"discriminative":[63,83],"power":[64],"given":[67],"set.":[69],"particular,":[71],"it":[72],"shown":[74],"that":[75],"regression":[79],"alone":[80],"conveys":[81],"some":[82],"information":[84],"pair,":[89],"which":[90],"just":[92],"marginally":[93],"worse":[94],"than":[95],"raw":[97],"score.":[99],"The":[100],"influence":[101],"set":[105,157],"size":[106],"accuracy":[110,169],"also":[112],"investigated.":[113],"Further,":[114],"tests":[115],"performed":[116],"Face":[119],"Recognition":[120],"Grand":[121],"Challenge":[122],"ver":[123],"2":[124],"database":[125,133],"and":[126,146],"labeled":[128],"faces":[129],"wild":[132],"allowed":[134],"determine":[136],"relation":[138],"between":[139],"quality":[141],"samples":[145],"performance.":[149],"Experimental":[150],"results":[151],"obtained":[152],"from":[153],"LFW":[155],"data":[156],"demonstrate":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"approach":[164],"improve":[166],"unconstrained":[171],"scenarios.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}