{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976079775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","title":"Active Orientation Models for Face Alignment In-the-Wild","display_name":"Active Orientation Models for Face Alignment In-the-Wild","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976079775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","mag":"1976079775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/739788","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024224610","display_name":"Georgios Tzimiropoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1803-5338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Tzimiropoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011498965","display_name":"Joan Alabort-i-Medina","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Alabort-i-Medina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080553022","display_name":"Stefanos Zafeiriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos P. Zafeiriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016033078","display_name":"Maja Panti\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3620-5986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maja Pantic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, U.K.#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93474421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"12","first_page":"2024","last_page":"2034"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7363346815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6746008396148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-appearance-model","display_name":"Active appearance model","score":0.6128822565078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.555260956287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5148493647575378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4911350905895233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4472704827785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4043445885181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1559392809867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1236230731010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.10099348425865173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7363346815109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6746008396148682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.6128822565078735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.555260956287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5148493647575378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4911350905895233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4472704827785492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4043445885181427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1559392809867859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1236230731010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10099348425865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2014.2361018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/c9d16ce3-ecd0-4f49-bbc7-5f4bab6232ff","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/c9d16ce3-ecd0-4f49-bbc7-5f4bab6232ff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tzimiropoulos, G, Alabort-i-Medina, J, Zafeiriou, S & Pantic, M 2014, 'Active Orientation Models for Face Alignment In-the-Wild', IEEE transactions on information forensics and security, vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 2024-2034. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2014.2361018","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.676.8894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.676.8894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ibug.doc.ic.ac.uk/media/uploads/documents/tifs_aoms.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:31437","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6914605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:739788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/739788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:739788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/739788","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5663354397","display_name":"Analysis of Facial Behaviour for Security in 4D (4D-FAB)","funder_award_id":"EP/J017787/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G649253144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J017787/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G779194729","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/H016988/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25944667","https://openalex.org/W1513013675","https://openalex.org/W1796263212","https://openalex.org/W2006902452","https://openalex.org/W2032558548","https://openalex.org/W2035379092","https://openalex.org/W2036868818","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2045965808","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2058961190","https://openalex.org/W2068078991","https://openalex.org/W2076017598","https://openalex.org/W2082308025","https://openalex.org/W2099629511","https://openalex.org/W2101467695","https://openalex.org/W2101812986","https://openalex.org/W2103876808","https://openalex.org/W2114171253","https://openalex.org/W2116277445","https://openalex.org/W2118877769","https://openalex.org/W2130563197","https://openalex.org/W2133797512","https://openalex.org/W2138406903","https://openalex.org/W2143451044","https://openalex.org/W2147259701","https://openalex.org/W2151426910","https://openalex.org/W2152826865","https://openalex.org/W2157149292","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2163998463","https://openalex.org/W2169065455","https://openalex.org/W2171262059","https://openalex.org/W2172532449","https://openalex.org/W2544981553","https://openalex.org/W6601051309","https://openalex.org/W6638488279","https://openalex.org/W6648088351","https://openalex.org/W6662335928","https://openalex.org/W6677133630","https://openalex.org/W6677548441","https://openalex.org/W6682225606","https://openalex.org/W6685040918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975632186","https://openalex.org/W3027745756","https://openalex.org/W3205213561","https://openalex.org/W2531880140","https://openalex.org/W2126145365","https://openalex.org/W2036609560","https://openalex.org/W346861917","https://openalex.org/W3024018414","https://openalex.org/W1542592062","https://openalex.org/W2373052636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,57,139],"present":[1],"Active":[2,19],"Orientation":[3],"Models":[4,21],"(AOMs),":[5],"generative":[6],"models":[7],"of":[8,18,26,53,102,115,132],"facial":[9],"shape":[10],"and":[11,69,150],"appearance,":[12],"which":[13,128],"extend":[14],"the":[15,24,36,39,50,84,87,92,99,107,112,122,133],"well-known":[16],"paradigm":[17],"Appearance":[20],"(AAMs)":[22],"for":[23,66,80,136,176],"case":[25],"generic":[27],"face":[28,177],"alignment":[29],"under":[30],"unconstrained":[31],"conditions.":[32],"Robustness":[33],"stems":[34],"from":[35],"fact":[37],"that":[38,59],"proposed":[40],"AOMs":[41,103,116,144,167],"employ":[42],"a":[43,97,160],"statistically":[44],"robust":[45,78],"appearance":[46],"model":[47,81],"based":[48],"on":[49],"principal":[51],"components":[52],"image":[54],"gradient":[55],"orientations.":[56],"show":[58],"when":[60],"incorporated":[61],"within":[62],"standard":[63,123],"optimization":[64,89],"frameworks":[65],"AAM":[67,156],"learning":[68],"fitting,":[70],"this":[71],"kernel":[72],"Principal":[73],"Component":[74],"Analysis":[75],"results":[76],"in":[77,170],"algorithms":[79,135],"fitting.":[82],"At":[83],"same":[85,93],"time,":[86],"resulting":[88],"problems":[90],"maintain":[91],"computational":[94,108],"cost.":[95],"As":[96],"result,":[98],"main":[100],"similarity":[101],"with":[104,172],"AAMs":[105],"is":[106,117,129],"complexity.":[109],"In":[110],"particular,":[111],"project-out":[113,124],"version":[114],"as":[118,121],"computationally":[119],"efficient":[120],"inverse":[125],"compositional":[126],"algorithm,":[127],"admittedly":[130],"one":[131],"fastest":[134],"fitting":[137],"AAMs.":[138],"verify":[140],"experimentally":[141],"that:":[142],"1)":[143],"generalize":[145],"well":[146],"to":[147],"unseen":[148],"variations":[149],"2)":[151],"outperform":[152],"all":[153],"other":[154,173],"state-of-the-art":[155],"methods":[157,175],"considered":[158],"by":[159],"large":[161],"margin.":[162],"This":[163],"performance":[164],"improvement":[165],"brings":[166],"at":[168,184],"least":[169],"par":[171],"contemporary":[174],"alignment.":[178],"Finally,":[179],"we":[180],"provide":[181],"MATLAB":[182],"code":[183],"http://ibug.doc.ic.ac.uk/resources.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}