{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2070040056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","title":"Iris Biometrics: Synthesis of Degraded Ocular Images","display_name":"Iris Biometrics: Synthesis of Degraded Ocular Images","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2070040056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","mag":"2070040056"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100901929","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Miguel Cardoso","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"L. Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061545895","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Freitas Barbosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-7329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Barbosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081650774","display_name":"Frutuoso G. M. Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-6157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027206341","display_name":"Ant\u00f3nio Pinheiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5968-9901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. M. G. Pinheiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Unit, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","Remote Sensing Unit, Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0303, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Unit, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Unit, Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0303, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090305015","display_name":"Hugo Proen\u00e7a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-8570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161321875","display_name":"University of Beira Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03nf36p02","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Proenca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, IT-Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Beira Interior, Covilha\u0308, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100901929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161321875","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86382804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"7","first_page":"1115","last_page":"1125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8772097826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8102906346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris-recognition","display_name":"Iris recognition","score":0.8009945154190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iris","display_name":"IRIS (biosensor)","score":0.6431369185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5414375066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5207812190055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5016732215881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48466116189956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4547596871852875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.44082701206207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-acquisition","display_name":"Data acquisition","score":0.4212172329425812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41638174653053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41092273592948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4081733226776123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8772097826004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8102906346321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112356035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1672722","display_name":"Iris recognition","level":3,"score":0.8009945154190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779503344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5973514","display_name":"IRIS (biosensor)","level":3,"score":0.6431369185447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5414375066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5207812190055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5016732215881348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48466116189956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4547596871852875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.44082701206207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4212172329425812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41638174653053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41092273592948914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4081733226776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2262942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974821667","https://openalex.org/W1991366937","https://openalex.org/W2025546194","https://openalex.org/W2036227434","https://openalex.org/W2051387832","https://openalex.org/W2058991683","https://openalex.org/W2075881548","https://openalex.org/W2078767000","https://openalex.org/W2092988036","https://openalex.org/W2100603595","https://openalex.org/W2117690924","https://openalex.org/W2117721235","https://openalex.org/W2127392200","https://openalex.org/W2128364410","https://openalex.org/W2134794961","https://openalex.org/W2139695910","https://openalex.org/W2140959843","https://openalex.org/W2144148034","https://openalex.org/W2167141450","https://openalex.org/W2169096120","https://openalex.org/W2170096609","https://openalex.org/W2172128630","https://openalex.org/W2293541924","https://openalex.org/W4254044281","https://openalex.org/W6648143006","https://openalex.org/W6684705476"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2162640687","https://openalex.org/W2018223046","https://openalex.org/W2151970936","https://openalex.org/W2294693339","https://openalex.org/W2573408845","https://openalex.org/W1971649232","https://openalex.org/W2557390811","https://openalex.org/W2355560018","https://openalex.org/W2147209541","https://openalex.org/W4231710054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Iris":[0],"recognition":[1],"is":[2,11,19,42,48,150],"a":[3,67],"popular":[4],"technique":[5],"for":[6,27,70,85,142],"recognizing":[7],"humans.":[8],"However,":[9],"as":[10],"the":[12,36,45,51,56,88,118,123,136],"case":[13],"with":[14],"most":[15,89],"biometric":[16],"traits,":[17],"it":[18],"difficult":[20],"to":[21,32,74],"collect":[22],"data":[23,40,73,82,101,124],"that":[24,41,47,117,127],"are":[25,83],"suitable":[26],"use":[28,86],"in":[29,50,87],"experiments":[30,76],"due":[31],"three":[33],"factors:":[34],"1)":[35],"substantial":[37],"amount":[38],"of":[39,61,92,138],"required;":[43],"2)":[44],"time":[46],"spent":[49],"acquisition":[52,109],"process;":[53],"and":[54,58,96],"3)":[55],"security":[57],"privacy":[59],"concerns":[60],"potential":[62],"volunteers.":[63],"This":[64,148],"paper":[65],"describes":[66],"stochastic":[68],"method":[69],"synthesizing":[71],"ocular":[72,146],"support":[75],"on":[77],"iris":[78],"recognition.":[79],"Specifically,":[80],"synthetic":[81,145],"intended":[84],"important":[90,104],"phases":[91],"those":[93],"experiments:":[94],"segmentation":[95],"signature":[97],"encoding/matching.":[98],"The":[99],"resulting":[100],"have":[102,114],"an":[103,139],"characteristic:":[105],"they":[106],"simulate":[107],"image":[108],"under":[110],"uncontrolled":[111],"conditions.":[112,132],"We":[113],"experimentally":[115],"confirmed":[116],"proposed":[119],"strategy":[120],"can":[121],"mimic":[122],"degradation":[125],"factors":[126],"usually":[128],"result":[129],"from":[130],"such":[131],"Finally,":[133],"we":[134],"announce":[135],"availability":[137],"online":[140],"platform":[141,149],"generating":[143],"degraded":[144],"data.":[147],"freely":[151],"accessible":[152],"worldwide.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
