{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2040034272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","title":"A Timing Channel Spyware for the CSMA/CA Protocol","display_name":"A Timing Channel Spyware for the CSMA/CA Protocol","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2040034272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","mag":"2040034272"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012789968","display_name":"Negar Kiyavash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8545-7709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Negar Kiyavash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","[Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Ind. & Enterprise Syst. Eng., Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019931011","display_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-3794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Eng., Rice Univ., Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Eng., Rice Univ., Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046582466","display_name":"Todd P. Coleman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-2495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd P. Coleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","Dept. of Bioeng., Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Bioeng., Univ. of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103469949","display_name":"Mavis Rodrigues","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mavis Rodrigues","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","Dept of Electr. & Comput. Engg, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electr. & Comput. Engg, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85592845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"477","last_page":"487"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8477331399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retransmission","display_name":"Retransmission","score":0.6859177947044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6060891151428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6017926335334778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.555583119392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert-channel","display_name":"Covert channel","score":0.5332158803939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5289143323898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-sense-multiple-access-with-collision-avoidance","display_name":"Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance","score":0.46852678060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.45361000299453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3616548776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.1342144012451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10579660534858704}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8477331399917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180611318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316902","display_name":"Retransmission","level":3,"score":0.6859177947044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6060891151428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6017926335334778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.555583119392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.5332158803939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5289143323898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59229178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944633","display_name":"Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance","level":4,"score":0.46852678060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.45361000299453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3616548776626587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.1342144012451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10579660534858704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2013.2238930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.682.4765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.682.4765","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://coleman.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/KKCR_TIFS_2013.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4080413","https://openalex.org/W1536930200","https://openalex.org/W1541663547","https://openalex.org/W1983001326","https://openalex.org/W1989008275","https://openalex.org/W1994870682","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2013305764","https://openalex.org/W2014066342","https://openalex.org/W2045234005","https://openalex.org/W2060312080","https://openalex.org/W2070402310","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2106409910","https://openalex.org/W2109850893","https://openalex.org/W2118688880","https://openalex.org/W2121200972","https://openalex.org/W2125566184","https://openalex.org/W2130718424","https://openalex.org/W2134887275","https://openalex.org/W2137848232","https://openalex.org/W2142901448","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2148298232","https://openalex.org/W2151185692","https://openalex.org/W2157970202","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2163700643","https://openalex.org/W2167892048","https://openalex.org/W2171417966","https://openalex.org/W2171985529","https://openalex.org/W6600169131","https://openalex.org/W6632480037","https://openalex.org/W6675797392"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057537103","https://openalex.org/W2158997727","https://openalex.org/W1835204531","https://openalex.org/W2096966874","https://openalex.org/W2088819623","https://openalex.org/W4361251543","https://openalex.org/W2809613841","https://openalex.org/W2170806316","https://openalex.org/W2163045456","https://openalex.org/W1568267921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,13,31,41,46,49,57,75,83,100,118,123,148,163,168,200,203,216],"design":[4],"and":[5,33,91,117,135,152,175,198],"implementation":[6,161],"of":[7,45,56,63,96,160,162,167,178,202],"spyware":[8,26,47,124,132],"communication":[9,35,169],"circuits":[10],"built":[11],"into":[12],"widely":[14,139],"used":[15,140],"carrier":[16],"sense":[17],"multiple":[18],"access":[19],"with":[20],"collision":[21,89],"avoidance":[22,90],"(CSMA/CA)":[23],"protocol.":[24],"The":[25,103,114,131],"components":[27],"are":[28,80],"embedded":[29],"within":[30],"sequential":[32],"combinational":[34],"circuit":[36,51],"structure":[37],"during":[38],"synthesis,":[39],"rendering":[40],"distinction":[42],"or":[43,112],"dissociation":[44],"from":[48,61],"original":[50],"impossible.":[52],"We":[53,146,182],"take":[54,94],"advantage":[55,95],"timing":[58,125,219],"channel":[59,127,180,220],"resulting":[60],"transmission":[62],"packets":[64],"to":[65,98,171],"implement":[66],"a":[67,129,138,194],"new":[68],"practical":[69],"coding":[70],"scheme":[71,170],"that":[72],"covertly":[73],"transfers":[74],"spied":[76],"data.":[77],"Our":[78],"codes":[79],"robust":[81],"against":[82],"CSMA/CA's":[84],"random":[85],"retransmission":[86],"time":[87],"for":[88],"in":[92,205],"fact":[93],"it":[97],"disguise":[99],"covert":[101,126,179,218],"communication.":[102],"data":[104],"snooping":[105],"may":[106],"be":[107],"sporadically":[108],"triggered,":[109],"either":[110],"externally":[111],"internally.":[113],"occasional":[115],"trigger":[116],"real-time":[119],"traffic's":[120],"variability":[121],"make":[122],"detection":[128,221],"challenge.":[130],"is":[133,190,212],"implemented":[134],"tested":[136],"on":[137,155],"open-source":[141],"wireless":[142,195,208],"CSMA/CA":[143,173,196],"radio":[144],"platform.":[145],"identify":[147],"following":[149],"performance":[150],"metrics":[151],"evaluate":[153,183],"them":[154],"our":[156],"architecture:":[157],"1)":[158,185],"efficiency":[159],"encoder;":[164],"2)":[165,189],"robustness":[166,201],"heterogeneous":[172,207],"effects;":[174],"3)":[176,211],"difficulty":[177],"detection.":[181],"criterion":[184],"completely":[186],"theoretically.":[187],"Criterion":[188,210],"evaluated":[191],"by":[192],"simulating":[193],"architecture":[197],"testing":[199],"decoder":[204],"different":[206],"conditions.":[209],"confirmed":[213],"experimentally":[214],"using":[215],"state-of-the-art":[217],"methods.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}