{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978642336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","title":"Face Recognition Performance: Role of Demographic Information","display_name":"Face Recognition Performance: Role of Demographic Information","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978642336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","mag":"1978642336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053736218","display_name":"Brendan Klare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332518125","display_name":"Noblis","ror":"https://ror.org/04q8hbr41","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332518125"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan F. Klare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Noblis, Inc., Falls Church, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Noblis, Inc., Falls Church, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332518125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023590573","display_name":"Mark J. Burge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. Burge","raw_affiliation_strings":["MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072895425","display_name":"Joshua C. Klontz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44896327","display_name":"Mitre (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ks2a131","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua C. Klontz","raw_affiliation_strings":["MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44896327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112665673","display_name":"Richard W. Vorder Bruegge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327714866","display_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ta5r839","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314586196","https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Vorder Bruegge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology Branch, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology Branch, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100613676","display_name":"Anil Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2633-2471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anil K. Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.1811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":529,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99142274,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"6","first_page":"1789","last_page":"1801"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.7006660103797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6790837049484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.66748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.588040828704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographics","display_name":"Demographics","score":0.5468785166740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5226918458938599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4519018530845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44404417276382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33869311213493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23354706168174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.13748326897621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12915003299713135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.7006660103797913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6790837049484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.66748046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.588040828704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780084366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demographics","level":2,"score":0.5468785166740417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5226918458938599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4519018530845642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44404417276382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33869311213493347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23354706168174744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.13748326897621155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12915003299713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2214212","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.737.194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.737.194","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/pdf/11_4962.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967022358","https://openalex.org/W1979743748","https://openalex.org/W1980732600","https://openalex.org/W1981291049","https://openalex.org/W1984285570","https://openalex.org/W1989702938","https://openalex.org/W1996416370","https://openalex.org/W2033419168","https://openalex.org/W2045147858","https://openalex.org/W2049900498","https://openalex.org/W2062104878","https://openalex.org/W2064522660","https://openalex.org/W2069131346","https://openalex.org/W2084652052","https://openalex.org/W2086299392","https://openalex.org/W2093238900","https://openalex.org/W2099537160","https://openalex.org/W2113242816","https://openalex.org/W2120954940","https://openalex.org/W2121647436","https://openalex.org/W2131081720","https://openalex.org/W2133295669","https://openalex.org/W2134013617","https://openalex.org/W2137385871","https://openalex.org/W2140068554","https://openalex.org/W2144653558","https://openalex.org/W2147575376","https://openalex.org/W2149194912","https://openalex.org/W2152586002","https://openalex.org/W2154189032","https://openalex.org/W2161308290","https://openalex.org/W2161775025","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2163808566","https://openalex.org/W2165554381","https://openalex.org/W2165731615","https://openalex.org/W2167144347","https://openalex.org/W2186170585","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4241598541","https://openalex.org/W6680454319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3121380072","https://openalex.org/W2058403539","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2062586268","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2942793592","https://openalex.org/W4300873085","https://openalex.org/W2098693229","https://openalex.org/W2384651879"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,191],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"the":[3,8,82,91,101,110,113,117,121,132,183],"influence":[4],"of":[5,10,17,46,112,123],"demographics":[6],"on":[7,32,56,90,120,146,168,182,226],"performance":[9,122],"face":[11,20,126,158,163,197,206,217,223],"recognition":[12,15,21,127,164,198,207,224],"algorithms.":[13],"The":[14],"accuracies":[16,89],"six":[18],"different":[19,169],"algorithms":[22,84,165,225],"(three":[23],"commercial,":[24],"two":[25],"nontrainable,":[26],"and":[27,59,64,66,71,81,96,137,203],"one":[28],"trainable)":[29],"are":[30,53,172,229],"computed":[31],"a":[33,124,154,175,188],"large":[34],"scale":[35],"gallery":[36],"that":[37,41,78,131,147,212,228],"is":[38,220],"partitioned":[39],"so":[40],"each":[42],"partition":[43],"consists":[44],"entirely":[45],"specific":[47,148],"demographic":[48,114,170,184],"cohorts.":[49,243],"Eight":[50],"total":[51],"cohorts":[52,93,103,139],"isolated":[54],"based":[55,181],"gender":[57],"(male":[58],"female),":[60],"race/ethnicity":[61,136],"(Black,":[62],"White,":[63],"Hispanic),":[65],"age":[67,97,138],"group":[68,98],"(18\u201330,":[69],"30\u201350,":[70],"50\u201370":[72],"years":[73],"old).":[74],"Experimental":[75],"results":[76],"demonstrate":[77],"both":[79],"commercial":[80],"nontrainable":[83],"consistently":[85,238],"have":[86],"lower":[87],"matching":[88,133],"same":[92],"(females,":[94],"Blacks,":[95],"18\u201330)":[99],"than":[100],"remaining":[102],"within":[104],"their":[105],"demographic.":[106],"Additional":[107],"experiments":[108],"investigate":[109],"impact":[111],"distribution":[115],"in":[116,200],"training":[118,144],"set":[119],"trainable":[125],"algorithm.":[128],"We":[129],"show":[130,211],"accuracy":[134,199,240],"for":[135,174],"can":[140],"be":[141],"improved":[142,196],"by":[143],"exclusively":[145],"cohort.":[149],"Operationally,":[150],"this":[151,235],"leads":[152],"to":[153,179,195,215,221],"scenario,":[155],"called":[156],"dynamic":[157,216],"matcher":[159,218],"selection,":[160],"where":[161],"multiple":[162],"(each":[166],"trained":[167],"cohorts)":[171],"available":[173],"biometric":[176],"system":[177],"operator":[178],"select":[180],"information":[185],"extracted":[186],"from":[187],"probe":[189],"image.":[190],"procedure":[192],"should":[193],"lead":[194],"many":[201],"intelligence":[202],"law":[204],"enforcement":[205],"scenarios.":[208],"Finally,":[209],"we":[210],"an":[213],"alternative":[214],"selection":[219],"train":[222],"datasets":[227],"evenly":[230],"distributed":[231],"across":[232,241],"demographics,":[233],"as":[234],"approach":[236],"offers":[237],"high":[239],"all":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}