{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2024804726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","title":"Face Image Conformance to ISO/ICAO Standards in Machine Readable Travel Documents","display_name":"Face Image Conformance to ISO/ICAO Standards in Machine Readable Travel Documents","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2024804726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","mag":"2024804726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010414428","display_name":"Matteo Ferrara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Ferrara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028040068","display_name":"Annalisa Franco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6625-6442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annalisa Franco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056262479","display_name":"Dario Maio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-0022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Maio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027196976","display_name":"Davide Maltoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6329-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Maltoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Computer Sciences and Systems, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electron., Comput. Sci. & Syst., Univ. of Bologna, Cesena, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010414428"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3832,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84006889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"1204","last_page":"1213"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9563999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8066016435623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5725663900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5708122253417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5536035895347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5454467535018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4992234706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.45734238624572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.44129183888435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.42831140756607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41815388202667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.41157272458076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3911326825618744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3447469472885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.32087016105651855}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8066016435623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5725663900375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5708122253417969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5536035895347595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5454467535018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4992234706878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45734238624572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.44129183888435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.42831140756607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41815388202667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.41157272458076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3911326825618744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3447469472885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32087016105651855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tifs.2012.2198643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61310614","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","issn_l":"1556-6013","issn":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/132372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/132372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113578986","https://openalex.org/W1580513977","https://openalex.org/W1849547976","https://openalex.org/W1893227739","https://openalex.org/W1970361469","https://openalex.org/W1981176352","https://openalex.org/W1981503287","https://openalex.org/W1989788457","https://openalex.org/W2020874645","https://openalex.org/W2095905764","https://openalex.org/W2100615755","https://openalex.org/W2102982702","https://openalex.org/W2108339842","https://openalex.org/W2110561591","https://openalex.org/W2119083146","https://openalex.org/W2122826569","https://openalex.org/W2126864964","https://openalex.org/W2130639400","https://openalex.org/W2137659841","https://openalex.org/W2143963455","https://openalex.org/W2150498808","https://openalex.org/W2156922077","https://openalex.org/W2160282050","https://openalex.org/W2163870506","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2536633715","https://openalex.org/W3148533032","https://openalex.org/W3169507310","https://openalex.org/W4236844765","https://openalex.org/W6634805579","https://openalex.org/W6683252361"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W4323323165","https://openalex.org/W4386066345","https://openalex.org/W2745033168"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"images":[1],"to":[2,11,49,77,105,118,123],"be":[3,115],"included":[4],"into":[5],"machine":[6],"readable":[7],"travel":[8],"documents":[9],"have":[10],"fulfill":[12],"quality":[13,23,37,61],"requirements":[14],"defined":[15],"by":[16,84],"international":[17],"ISO":[18],"standards.":[19],"The":[20,71,99],"concept":[21],"of":[22,31,65,73,101,132],"in":[24],"this":[25,102,128],"context":[26],"extends":[27],"the":[28,107,119,125],"common":[29],"idea":[30],"image":[32,38,62,75,146],"quality:":[33],"usually":[34],"a":[35,56,59,91,133,138],"bad":[36],"presents":[39],"visual":[40,88],"defects":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"blurring":[44],"or":[45,68],"noise":[46],"while,":[47],"according":[48],"ISO/ICAO":[50,78],"standard,":[51],"other":[52],"factors":[53],"could":[54],"make":[55],"given":[57],"sample":[58],"poor":[60],"(e.g.,":[63],"presence":[64],"dark":[66],"glasses":[67],"mouth":[69],"open).":[70],"verification":[72],"face":[74],"conformance":[76],"standards":[79],"is":[80,95,104],"carried":[81],"out":[82],"mostly":[83],"humans":[85],"today,":[86],"through":[87],"inspection,":[89],"since":[90],"totally":[92],"automatic":[93],"evaluation":[94,111],"still":[96],"not":[97],"satisfactory.":[98],"objective":[100],"work":[103],"present":[106],"BioLab-ICAO":[108],"framework,":[109],"an":[110],"benchmark":[112],"which":[113],"will":[114],"made":[116],"available":[117],"scientific":[120],"community,":[121],"designed":[122],"encourage":[124],"research":[126],"on":[127],"topic;":[129],"it":[130],"consists":[131],"large":[134],"ground":[135],"truth":[136],"database,":[137],"well-defined":[139],"testing":[140],"protocol,":[141],"and":[142],"baseline":[143],"algorithms":[144],"for":[145],"compliance":[147],"verification.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
